50 St Petersburg 12-head 75 0 a HOPS, Kent, pock. new 40 bags, do. 4 0 Worcester, do. 40 Yearling, Kent or 3 16 PINE TIMBER, cub ft. s. d. American Baltic SALT PETRE, GRAIN Barley, Enzl 4 10 50 44 s. d. 16 a 18 cwt. 34 0 Irish & boreign 4 0 49 Beans, Engl. qr...44 0 48 0 Foreign ....29 0 Blanketing .. 2000 Prices of Stock, London, Nov. 20. 6476 2410 172552 Bank Stock 1058 3 Cent Reduced 20368 3 Cent Consols... 1932 4 Cent Consols..... 5 311 pairs, 33514 Hats, 208 doz.-Hose, 10590 doz. pairs. Hardware, 4331.-Nails, 2165 cwts. 869 tons. Copper, 1486.-Glass, 2493 cwt-338 crts Refined Sugar ....2708 crates, &c. 611 cwts White Salt to Foreign Parts..5467 tons. Ireland 159 Rock Salt to Foreign Parts.. 1388 3078 1064 chal. 2743 Liverpool Imports, from the 22d Oct. to the 22d November. Sugar, B. P. 1149 hhds. 22 brls. 18 bxs. Foreign, 59 cases. Coffee, B. P. 69 cks. 648 bags. Foreign, 400 bags. Cotton, West India, 385 bales, 3 bags. American, 1870 bales. Brazils, 7860 bags, 1766 serons. E.India, 1000 bales.-Rum, 291 punchs. 13 hhds. Wine, 193 hhds. 782 pipes, 2 butts.-Melasses, 30 punchs. Fustic, 72 tons-Logwond, 16 tons.s. d. Lignum Vitæ, 22 tons.-Pimento, 100 bgs. -Pepper, 30 bags. Ashes, 1705 bris.Turpentine, 2408 bis.-Tobacco, 783 hds. -Iron, 1049 bars.-Hemp, 202 bdles.Flax, 970 bobbins, 19 bundles. Tallow, 1469 casks, 10 serons. Hides, 11817.Sarsaparilla, 204 bundles Elephants' Teeth, 1456.-Brimstone, 175 tons.Sumac, 1386 b. s. Madders, 17 csks.Oak Bark, 180 tons. Valonia, 100 tons. -Wool, 101 bales.-Corn, Wheat, 26378; Barley, 4112; Oats, 15804; Beans, 880; Malt, 1295 qrs. Flour, 199 tons, 750 bris. 25 sacks. Oatmeal, 51 tons, 172 scks Raisins, 410 brls. 800 frails, 2410 bxs.Lemons, 343 chests, 114 bxs.-Oil, Cod, 351; Dogfish, 155; Seal, 39; Whale, 2; Palm, 1015 casks. 216 4 661 67 84 17 9-16 dis. 24 67 Cent Navy Annuities..103 Bank Long Annuities. Consols for Acct.. IRISH FUNDS.-November 19. Bank Stock Government Debentures,3 cent, 7 5 cent, 104 cent.... 77 cent...... 104 cent... 46 AMERICAN FUNDS.- Νου. 20. 3 Cents .........62 New 6 Cents.. 100 1015 (The above with Div. from October.) U. S. Bank Shares ....£21 & 22 Manchester, Νου. 17. Reeled Yarn, Mule No. 40...... 25. 46. Water 40......2 6 PRINTED BY H. FISHER, LIVERPOOL, PRINTER IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY. Emperial Magazine; OR, COMPENDIUM OF RELIGIOUS, MORAL, & PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE. THE VALUE OF A BOOK IS TO BE ESTIMATED BY ITS USE." CURIOUS AND INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRESSURE OF THE OCEAN. SIR, IN the Rev. John Campbell's Travels in South Africa, a singular experiment is related to have been made by the author, in his voyage home to England, which he describes in the following words:-" We drove a cork very tight into an empty bottle: the cork was so large, that more than half of it could not be driven into the neck of the bottle. We then tied a cord round the cork, which we also fastened round the neck of the bottle, to prevent the cork sinking down, and put a coat of pitch over the whole. By means of lead we sunk it in the water. When it was let down to about the depth of fifty fathoms, the captain said he was sure that the bottle had instantaneously filled; on which he drew it up, when we found the cork driven down into the inside, and of course the bottle was full of water. We prepared a second bottle exactly in the same way, only with the addition of a sail-needle being passed through the upper part of the cork, which rested on the mouth of the bottle, and all completely pitched over. When about fifty fathoms down, the captain called out as before, that he felt by the sudden increase of weight, that the bottle was filled; on which it was drawn up. We were not a little surprised to find the cork in the same position, and no part of the pitch broken, yet the bottle was full of water. None of us could conjecture how the water got in. There was no part of the pitch open that would admit the point of a needle. Supposing the pitch and cork both porous, it does not appear easy to account for a quart of water passing so instantaneously through so small a space; the porousness of the glass seems to be the only consideration by which we can account for the fact."Campbell's Travels, 362. This singular account having excited some little notice, and created many No. 1. VOL. I. doubts of the correctness of the worthy Traveller's inference, that the porousness of the glass was the cause of the phænomena which he records; your present correspondent felt some desire to have the experiment repeated by different persons, and in other circumstances. For, were it admitted, that glass would become pervious to water, when subjected to a high degree of pressure; yet surely no one will imagine that it would become a sieve, and an ordinary sized wine bottle admit a quart of water to rush through its sides in an instant; for then must it run in streams, through pores, at least as large as straws, instead of those of indescribable minuteness, which it is obvious the pores of glass must be, if it has any at all, and to pass through which must require time in proportion to their diminutive capacity; and no velocity that is at all credible, would allow a quart to pass through an extent of surface, which a bottle affords, in any thing like a period that could be denominated sudden, or instantaneous; nothing short of hours, or days, or weeks, could be calculated upon for such a process, by any of the smallest degree of reflection. But, it is not only stated, that the rush of water into the bottle was sudden, but that it filled the bottle: what then had become of the air, with which it was previously filled? If the bottle was full of water, the air could not remain there in a state of compression; and that it passed through the pores as the water entered, seems to be contradicted by experiment, which has frequently compressed air in glass vessels, without its ever being known to escape, but by the destruction of the vessel. At any rate, it could not pass without a most extraordinary degree of compression; and if this were the case, how is it that it did not make its way out by forcing up the cork? For it is to be observed, that no power was employed to prevent the expulsion of the cork, all that was attempted was to prevent its being thrust downwards; 3 T so that a very small degree of force on the inside, much less than that afforded by highly compressed air, would have been abundantly sufficient to have expelled the cork, and have given free admission to the surrounding waters; but nothing of this being apparent, it is demonstrable the air could not have been highly compressed, and therefore could not have passed through the pores of the glass; and, then it is equally clear, that the water could not have passed through those pores. When these reflections at first occurred, an intelligent friend, about to sail for America, was requested to repeat the experiment; which he has done, and kindly communicated the following. "Experiment 1.-Took an empty wine bottle, and simply corked it tight, and sunk it 120 fathoms. It came up full of water, the cork being forced down the neck of the bottle. "Experiment2.-Lowered an empty bottle closely corked, tied under and over together, with a piece of sailcloth over all, to prevent its being forced either in or out of the bottle. It filled at 80 fathoms; the cork appeared to be unmoved. "Experiment3.--Lowered an empty bottle, the cork being tied under and over as before, and covered all over with a thick coat of sealing-wax. The bottle filled at about the same depth, but the cork was forced about half an inch down the neck of the bottle, and the string by which it was tied broken. "Experiment 4.- To prevent the cork being pressed down the neck of the bottle, I placed in it a piece of wood, which reached within an inch of the top of the neck, then corked it down as tight and close as possible, and waxed it over. The bottle filled as before, but the wax appeared to be a little cracked. The bottle each time seemed to fill instantaneously. The experiments upon the whole were unsatisfactory; and the only way, it appears to me, to demonstrate whether glass is sufficiently porous to admit so much water in so short a time, would be to make the experiment with a bottle having a ground glass stopper, or one hermetically sealed." The remarks of this gentleman were adopted; and another friend going to the island of Ceylon, was provided with bottles hermetically sealed, and one with a ground stopper, which was proved to be air-tight, having been used for the containing of gasses. The experiments of this friend have just come to hand, and are as follows. "The first set of experiments with the bottles, was made during a perfect calm. The common bottle was corked, leathered, and sealed; and, besides these precautions, a stick was put into the inside to prevent the cork from descending: the bottles were then lowered about 100 fathoms at least, and when drawn up, the cork was found thrust into the bottle, and the bottle of course full; but the one hermetically sealed, came up quite empty. The last time the experiment was tried, was just before we made the island of Ceylon; we then let down a common bottle well corked and sealed, a bottle hermetically sealed, and one with a ground stopper. As before, the cork was thrust into the common bottle, the bottle hermetically sealed had a flaw in it, for upon its being drawn up, the water burst out through a very small hole, and continued to do so till the water was completely out; the bottle with the ground stopper came up empty. The experiments therefore did not prove unsatisfactory. There was an advantage attending the bottle hermetically sealed, having this very small hole, as it points out the degree of pressure sustained by the bottles at the depth of 90 fathoms, for it was too small to suffer the air to escape, and the water could only enter by compressing the air. The bottle was three quarters full of water, so that the pressure was such as to force air of the density of the atmosphere, into one quarter of its bulk. "In a conversation I had with a gentleman in this island, he stated that he had made the experiment with a common wine decanter, or something similar, and that the water penetrated; but I feel confident, that there must have been some flaw in the bottle or the stopper." This is my friend's decision, to which, it is presumed, most persons will be inclined to subsoribe; though the case is still attended with singular phænomena. It may be necessary just to remark, that some oversight must have induced the observations of my very intelligent friend, respecting the flaw in one of the bottles, being too small for the escape of the air; because it is inti .. mated, that when drawn up a small | successfully imposed upon superficial hole was observed, through which the water was seen to burst forth; and if so, undoubtedly there must have been a passage quite sufficient for the extrication of the internal air. Nor does it appear at all probable, that the air should have been compressed into one quarter of its bulk, without bursting a cracked bottle to atoms. The point of advantage obtained by the flaw in this bottle, appears to be this, that with all the assistance of this flaw, the water could not enter with sufficient velocity to fill the bottle, but when drawn up, was found to be one-fourth empty. Should the substance of this paper be thought sufficiently interesting, for the readers of your Magazine, its insertion will be regarded with esteem, by, Sir, your obedient and obliged servant, N. R. Stoke Newington, Nov. 18, 1819. MR. EDITOR, London, Nov. 2, 1819. In your Magazine for October, col. 763, the following QUERY is proposed by NEUTER. "As Mr. Wesley professed to admit that God was the author of conversion, that he gave the will its right direction, and sustained the religion which he first produced; when this admission is pursued to all its consequences, I would beg leave to ask, whether this does not prove all that Calvinism requires?" Undoubtedly not: similar representations to the one before us, have been too minds; but let us examine the present, and see whether it will obtain in the face of truth and reason. It is admitted that God is the author of conversion, that in this great work, he gives the will its right direction, and sustains the religion which he first produced; but all the consequences of CALVINISM are not involved unless "Neuter" can successfully controvert the following statements. God sustains the religion which he first produces, in various degrees. It is acknowledged by all judicious Calvinists, that the AVOIDABLE neglect of the means of grace, especially that of prayer, will supersede to the extent that it is indulged in, the active energy of Divine communications. If a Christian, on the contrary, lives up to the careful observance of all the minutiæ of duty, and does not err at the same time, in his understanding respecting the various relations he sustains to God, upon the score of humility, knowledge, or experience, one may conclude, his felicity will comprehend every portion of good which his physical condition will admit of: the satisfaction of every believer is the WILL of GOD. Now if it be inquired, whether all this depends upon the diligence of the individual? I simply reply, Viewing things as they actually exist, and as they are represented in the word of God, that in regard to the sovereignty of the Divine character, it does not depend upon the conduct of the believer; but in regard to the economy which God has instituted in the comprehensive exercise of his compassion and condescension, it certainly does; otherwise the scripture is a sealed book, even to believers. I will presume that in the course of one fortnight, in a proper degree of diligence to the duty of prayer, I am preserved from a variety of evils of a spiritual nature, some of which I should probably have experienced in a partial use of my privilege: although my praying has secured me from many evils, these acts have not merited that security; the security itself partook of that common act of sovereign goodness, from which all the blessings of the gospel have proceeded. It is certainly not myself, but God, who has kept me. We do not sufficiently bear in mind the harmony of that character which God sustains in his gospel and the harmony of that which he sustains apart from the gospel. As His creatures, we shallin every condition and under all circumstances eternally sustain a relation to the Divine Being, in each of these views of his characters. Respecting the principles admitted by judicious Calvinists, that the volitions of believers influence Divine communications, the scriptures represent to us that the evil incident to this principle may go so far, that the remains of piety may be ready to die, and that the exertion of the individual, independent of all merit, is necessary to prevent that apostatical lapse which lies exposed to the eternal wrath of God. I have examined, Sir, the reply to the Query in the most obvious and tangible mode which it is capable of assuming. I am, Sir, very respectfully, Z. Review of " A Grammar of the English Language, by the Rev. Joseph Sutcliffe." London, 1815. [Concluded from col. 949.] Page 132. "The participle to be mended or repaired." To be mended is not a participle; but the present infinitive passive, of the verb to mend. Page 133. "The auxiliary in the third person singular of the present and perfect tense of the indicative mood, governs the principal verb, by requiring it to be of the plural number; as Henry did excel;' 'Virtue does exalt a character.' Whereas were the auxiliary removed, the verb would be singular; as 'Henry excelled;' 'Virtue exalts," &c. This Rule, we must confess, appears to us not only useless, but altogether ridiculous. In the sentence Henry did excel, Mr. S. tells us the auxiliary did is third person singular, and the verb excel is plural; so that here is a singular nominative connected with a plural verb, in direct violation of the first rule of Syntax. Virtue does exalt; here also we are told, does is singular, and exalt plural, where the same breach But is it not absurd of rule recurs. thus to separate the auxiliary from its principal, to give them different constructions, and those of such a nature as to overturn the established laws of Grammar? The only end which this Rule can answer, is to prevent learners from using such expressions as, Henry did excelled; Virtue does exalts. But how can such expressions be adopted by one, who has learnt to conjugate a verb, according to the pattern given by Mr. S. (page 65. &c.)? The observations on auxiliaries in the following paragraphs of this Rule are useful and mportant; but they have no more connection with the first paragraph, than with the first verse in the Bible. Page 141. "Adverbs which denote qualities, and degrees of comparison, govern the same cases as the adjectives from which they are derived; as, or distinct ideas. He conducted himself agreeably to his instructions; and behaved more prudently than all his opponents.' Here the adverb agreeably governs the whole phrase to his instructions; and the adverb prudently governs the whole phrase, than all his opponents, by causing them to be in the accusative case.' How it can be said that a whole phrase is in the accusative case, we know not; it is an expression not conveying any clear Instructions is the objective case, governed not by the adverb agreeably, but by the preposition to. Than all his opponents, Mr. S. says, is in the accusative case; now opponents is not the accusative case, but the nominative, being joined to the former nominative he by the conjunction than, and being nominative to the verb behaved understood; as evidently appears, when the ellipsis is supplied, thus, he behaved more prudently than all his opponents (behaved). Mr. Murray does not say absolutely (as Mr. Sutcliffe represents) that "adverbs have no government." His words are: (Rule XV.) " Adverbs, though they have no government of case, tense, &c., require an appropriate situation in the sentence." Whatever government adverbs may have, we are fully persuaded with Mr. M. that they have no government of case, tense, &c. and we think Mr. S. has completely failed in his attempts to prove the reverse. All that the subsequent paragraphs of Mr. S.'s rule, quoted above, tend to prove, is just what Mr. M. asserts, viz. that adverbs-require an appropriate situation in the sentence." 66 Page 142. " Instead of saying, "I would have come, but bad weather hindered me," we must say, " " I would have come, but hindered me bad weather." We cannot see the smallest con |