Figure 25. The Grotto Chapelle-aux-Saints, where Remains of Prehistoric Men were found Figure 26. Diagram of Cro-Magnon Grotto, where Remains of Prehistoric Men were found Figure 27. Stone Implements of the early Paleolithic Period, Strépyan and Chellean PAGE 70 72 73 Figure 35. Bone Harpoons and Engravings on Bone of the Magda- 85 Figure 36. Aboriginal Man of the Mousterian Epoch 86 Figure 37. Map showing the location of Prehistoric Caves, all of them 87 Figure 38. Red Drawing of a Rhinoceros, from Font-de-Gaume 88 Diagram of Frescos on the Ceiling of the Cavern of Alta- Winter in the North. A Winter Topeck in Siberia 127 . Figure 52. The vertical distribution of Climate in the Mountains, Figure 54. Natives adapting their life to dangerous conditions of existence. A tree-dwelling in the tiger infested jungles of India 138 148 153 Figure 55. Awe-inspiring Scenery of the Grand Cañon of the Colorado 155 Figure 56. Confidence-inspiring Environment of Greece, the beautiful Vale of Tempe Figure 57. Figure 58. 157 Confidence-inspiring Environment of Greece, Mount Ossa 158 Awe-inspiring aspect of Nature in the Alps. Interlaken with Jungfrau in the distance. 160 Figure 59. The Great Gopura, Madura Temple, India Figure 61. Figure 62. A Bedouin Tent in the Desert Figure 63. Deformation of Features by Congo Natives in submission to approved Styles Figure 64. Diagram illustrating Facial Angle, Head Form and Hair Form PAGE 164 1 168 170 175 179 204 Figure 65. Figure 66. Color of Skin as distributed over the World 206 . 207 Figure 67. Brachycephalic Asiatic Types: Uzbeg, Kiptchak and Kara- 211 Figure 70. Figure 68. Dolichocephalic African Types; Berber and Negro Figure 71. The Three European Racial Types; Baltic (Teutonic), Al- 223 Figure 72. Figure 73. Area of Differentiation of the White Race in the Baltic 225 228 Figure 74. Pottery made by the Pima Indians of Southern Arizona Figure 75. Baskets made by the Pima Indians of Southern Arizona Figure 76. An Indian Tepee Figure 77. Indian Masks from the Pacific Coast PREFACE The object of this book is to present in elementary form a summary of the most generally accepted evidence and theory of Social Evolution. It does not pretend to be a learned treatise advancing some new or startling doctrine. The writer believes that there is a definite place to be filled by a book which, as a text for the study of Sociology, applies the best of sociological and evolutionary theory to the historical study of society. With the increasing emphasis that historians are placing upon social and economic phenomena, the average student learns at least something of the importance of social forces. At the present time the vast period of human evolution before the historical period, is known to us only by the material presented in highly specialized works. There is no single elementary presentation of the increasing body of scientific knowledge which enables us to picture prehistoric conditions. The author believes that the study of history and social science is made more real and valuable by some familiarity with the conditions and factors which were important in this early period. Professor W. I. Thomas says: "It is of course entirely proper for the student to limit himself very narrowly to a special field in order to work it intensively, but the historian, for instance, who begins the study of human activity with Greece and Rome or even with Assyria and Egypt, cuts himself off completely from the beginnings of his own subject as would the psychologist who neglected all study of child-psychology and of animal mind, or the biologist who attempted to understand bird or insect life without a knowledge of the stages of life lying below these. Indeed, when we consider that the human race is one, that the human mind is everywhere much the same, and that human practices are everywhere of the same general pattern, it appears that the neglect of the biologist or psychologist to study types of life lower than those in which he is immediately interested could hardly be so serious as the neglect of the historian to familiarize himself with the institutional life of savage society." Professor J. H. Robinson has recognized this necessity and says: "'Prehistoric' is a word that must go the way of 'preadamite,' which we used to hear. They both indicate a suspicion that we are in some way gaining illicit information about what happened before the footlights were turned on and the curtain rose on the great human drama. Of the so-called 'prehistoric' period we of course know as yet very little indeed, but the bare fact that there was such a period constitutes in itself the most momentous of historical discoveries. The earliest, somewhat abundant, traces of mankind can hardly be placed earlier than six thousand years ago. They indicate, however, a very elaborate and advanced civilization, and it is quite gratuitous to assume that they represent the first occasions on which man rose to such a stage of culture. Even if they do, the wonderful tales of how these conditions of which we find hints in Babylonia, Egypt, and Crete came about are lost. "From this point of view the historian's gaze, instead of sweeping back into remote ages when the earth was young, seems now to be confined to his own epoch. Rameses the Great, Tiglath-Pileser, and Solomon appear |