The struggle for life - The rate of reproduction — The infantile death-rate Natural selection The survival of the fit-The origin of species - Summary of theory Origin of man by descent from a lower form - The series of ancestral forms-Human species and the ape family Structural evidence of relationship - Sexual selection and man - Remains of prehistoric man Geologic time and the age of human remains - The ice ages zone of origin - The Neanderthal skull - The Pithe- canthropus Erectus - The Heidelberg jaw - The Eoan- Origin of human nature in social life - The precursor of man a social animal Association afforded protection from foes Mutual aid and coöperation - Association affects selection survival Association supply and numerous offspring · Association serves useful variation — The social process cumulates gains through imitation - Association transformed the brute mind into the human intellect - Stimulation and response - Interstimulation and response Differ- 102-120 Consciousness of kind-Language- - Natural selection and group survival - Importance of the bond of union Society restrains the individual- Group coherence - Climate, soil, food, and topography - Man is dependent - - Differences due to custom - The importance of social Race differentiation - - Definition of race - Factors of im- The means of determining the characteristics of social life of prehistoric man- Archeological remains - The bond of kin in primitive society- The Iroquois Indians and ization of the Iroquois tribes - The Iroquois phratry The religious concept of Manitou primitive peoples- Totemism among the British Colum- PAGE Indians - Totemism among the native tribes of Australia -The magical Intichiuma ceremonies - Initiation cere- monies Magic: imitative and sympathetic - Indian medicine-men-Primitive religion; animism — Theories of the human soul-The religion of ancestor-worship- The economic life of primitive peoples The undeveloped sense of value; no idea of exchange - Exchange originat- ing in gift-giving, propitiation, offering — The origin of a generally acceptable medium of exchange: money- - No competition in primitive society Hindrances in super- THE TRANSITION FROM TRIBAL SOCIETY TO CIVIL SOCIETY The transition gradual and due to many causes nymic and Patronymic organization of society — Marriage by capture and marriage by purchase- - The patriarchal kindred and the pastoral system The patriarchal kin- dred and the agricultural system- Ancestor-worship and the patriarchal kindred-Tribal feudalism - The five generation group of the patriarchal kindred The new basis of social organization in allegiance-The change from customary to positive law - The institution of slavery and the creation of a surplus - The growth of markets and the beginnings of commerce The dispos- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS The Neanderthal Man . Frontispiece Figure 1. Distribution of Stature of American Boys 10 years old . PAGE 8 9 Figure 7. 34 Figure 8. Diagram of Inheritance of Body Cells and Germ Cells Hair-tracts on the Arms and Hands of Man, as compared with those on the Arms and Hands of the Chimpanzee 42 Figure 9. Front and back view of adult Human Sacrum, showing abnormal persistence of Vestigial Tail-muscles Rudimentary, or Vestigial and useless, muscles of the Human Ear Figure 10. A series of Embryos at Three Comparable and Progres- Figure 12. Portrait of a Young Male Child. Photographed from life, 44 45 Figure 13. An infant, three weeks old, supporting its own weight for 51 Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 14. Diagram illustrating the character and relative age of Human remains and the Quaternary deposits in which they have been found Figure 15. Europe during the Period of Maximum Glaciation Top and Side view of Neanderthal Cranium Figure 20. Figure 21. The Gorilla, Neanderthal Man and Modern Man compared 63 Figure 22. Sand-pit at Maure, near Heidelberg, where the Prehistoric Man and Chimpanzee Figure 23. Comparison of Jaw of Modern Man with Jaw of Heidelberg Figure 24. Eolithic Implements |