Philosophy and Theology

CONTENTS.

GIFFORD LECTURE THE FIRST.

THE BEQUEST OF LORD GIFFORD ITS CONDITIONS.

Introductory-Lord Gifford-The bequest-The lectureships-God

really all in all to Lord Gifford-The lecturers-Natural theo-

logy the only science-The immediate lecturer-The three

Churches - Feeling - Understanding Both Intolerance

Reason as reason-The positive-Rationalism-Aufklärung-

"Advanced" views-The temper of the time-Tom Paines of

the tap-No-God men-What is really the new-The pre-

judice against belief-Duty of philosophy now-Sacred books-

Those of the Hebrews-Discrepancies-Buckle, Hume, Voltaire

-Historical anachronism,

PAGE

3-20

GIFFORD LECTURE THE SECOND.

NATURAL THEOLOGY-HOW TO BE TREATED.

Natural theology, what is it? - Usual answers-Hutcheson-Varro

-The Middle Ages-Raymund of Sebonde-Rays, Paleys, etc.

-Till 1860-Since-Philosophies of religion-Pagan gods-De

Quincey, Augustine, Cicero, Pliny, Juvenal, Herodotus, Aulus

Gellius-The proofs historically treated-That the theme-

Plotinus, Augustine-Natural theology not possibly a physical

science-Understanding and faith, Augustine, Anselm-

Monotheism alone religion proper - The course, affirmative,

negative-China, India, Colebrooke, Râs bihârî Mukharjî-

Hindu texts (Gnostics) - Hesiod,

21-40

GIFFORD LECTURE THE THIRD.

HISTORICAL TREATMENT OF THE PROOFS-ANAXAGORAS.

Final causes-The four Aristotelian causes-Are there final causes

in nature-Matter and form-Other causes only to realize the

final causes-Cudworth-Adam Smith-The proofs, number,

order, etc.-Teleology-Anaxagoras-Socrates in the Phædo-

Xenophon-Plato-Socrates on Anaxagoras-The causes to-

gether, concrete

"Abstract" Forces, Clerk Maxwell

PAGE

Heraclitus-Newton-Buckle-Descartes-Gassendi-Bacon on

causes, metaphysics, and forms-The νοῦς (nous) of Anaxagoras-.

Bacon on design-Reid, Newton, Hume on design-Newton,

GIFFORD LECTURE THE FOURTH.

ANAXAGORAS AND DESIGN.

41-59

Anaxagoras, the νοῦς-Aristotle-Understanding-Pythagoreans-

Pantheism-Lord Gifford-Baghavad Gita-The νοῦς το Socrates,

Plato, Aristotle-Grote, Schwegler, Zeller-The world a life-

Berkeley, Cudworth, Plato, Zorzi-Subject and object-Nature

and thought-Externality and internality-Bruno-Universal

and particular-Spinoza-Physical theories-Space and time-

Hodgson, Carlyle, Berkeley, Reid, Leibnitz, Kant-But for an

eye and an ear, the world utterly dark, utterly silent,

60-78

GIFFORD LECTURE THE FIFTH.

DESIGN GENERALLY-SOCRATES.

Astronomy, space, time, the νοῦς - Kant, Fichte, Schelling-Carlyle,

the Sartor-Emerson - Plato-Aristotle-A beginning - The

want of eye and ear again Deafness and blindness together

-Design restored-Thomson-Diogenes of Apollonia-Socrates

-Meteorology and practical action-Morality and ethicality-

The first teleological argument - Proofs of design-Bacon-

Socrates finally,.

GIFFORD LECTURE THE SIΧΤΗ.

DESIGN-PLATO.

Plato-His position-His prose-Indebted to Socrates-Monotheism

Universalized by Plato-Epinomis-The Timaeus-The eyes,

etc.-Kant here-Subject and object-Mechanical and final

79-96

causes-The former only for the latter-Identity and difference

-Creation, the world-Time and eternity-The Christian

Trinity-The two goods-Religion, the Laws-Prayer-Super-

stition-Hume, Dugald Stewart, Samuel Johnson, Buckle-The

Platonic duality-Necessity and contingency-Plato's work, 97-114

GIFFORD LECTURE THE SEVENTH.

THE SOPHISTS-THEIR NEGATIVE. ARISTOTLE.

Sophists-Aufklärung-Disbelief, Simon of Tournay, Amalrich of

Bena, David of Dinant-Italian philosophers, Geneva Socinians,

Bacon, Hobbes, the Deists, Locke, Descartes, Spinoza-Hume,

Gibbon-Germany, Reimarus, etc. -Klopstock, Lavater-Less-

ing, Hamann, Herder, Jacobi Goethe, Schiller, Jean Paul-

Carlyle-France-Kant and his successors-Necessary end of

such movements-Cosmological argument-Locke, Clarke, Leib-

nitz-Aristotle-Dependency-Potentiality and actuality

beginning-Aristotle and design-Mr. Darwin's mistake-Em-

pedocles and the survival of the fittest,

GIFFORD LECTURE THE EIGHTH.

ARISTOTLE AND THE PROOFS.

115-134

Aristotle and design-Matter and form-Abstraction-Trinity-The

ascent-The four causes - A first mover-Lambda of the Meta-

physic-The hymn of Aristotle Speculation - Mankind-

Erdmann-Theory and practice-Nature-Kant, Byron, Mme.

de Genlis-Aristotle's ethic and politic-God-Cicero-Time-

Design-Hume, Buffon-Plato and Aristotle-Immanent Div-

inity and transcendent Deity-Schwegler-Bonitz-The soul-

Unity-Homer-The Greek movement up to Aristotle, Biese-

The Germans and Aristotle-Cuvier, Owen, Franzius, Johann

von Müller-Darwin-Aristotle in conclusion,

GIFFORD LECTURE THE NINΤΗ.

THE SECTS AND THE PROOFS-CICERO.

135-156

The Sects-The Skeptics-The Epicureans-Epicurus-Leucippus

and Democritus-Aristotle, Plato-Stoics, Pantheism-Chry-

sippus-Origin of evil-Antithesis-Negation-Epictetus-The

Neo-Platonists-Important six hundred years-Course of his-

tory-Reflection at last-Aufklärung, Revolution - Rome-

The atom, the Caesar The despair of the old, the hope of the

new-Paganism, Christianity-The State-The temple-Ascetic-

ism-Philosophy, the East, Alexandria-The Neo-Platonists-

Ecstasy-Cicero-Paley and the others all in him-All pro-

bably due to Aristotle - Sextus-Philo Judaeus - Minucius

Felix-Cicero now as to Dr. Alexander Thomson and the

Germans-A word in defence,

GIFFORD LECTURE THE TENTH.

THE FATHERS-ANSELM.

PAGE

157-176

Cicero-To Anselm-The Fathers-Seneca, Pliny, Tacitus-God to

the early Fathers-Common consent in the individual and the

race Cicero Irenaeus, Tertullian, Chrysostom, Arnobius,

Clement of Alexandria, Lactantius, Cyril of Alexandria, Julian,

Gregory of Nyssa, and others, Athanasius-Reid, religion,

superstition-The Bible-F, C. Baur-Anselm-His argument

-The College Essay of 1838-Dr. Fleming-Illustrations from

the essay-Gaunilo-Mr. Lewes-Ueberweg, Erdmann, Hegel-

The Monologium-Augustine and Boethius-The Proslogium-

Finite and infinite-What the argument really means-Des-

177-193

cartes-Knowledge and belief,

GIFFORD LECTURE THE ELEVENTH.

INTRODUCTORY-LORD GIFFORD'S ESSAYS.

Lectures by Lord Gifford-By whom edited-Germane to, and illus-

trative of, natural theology-Number and nature-Their literary

excellence-Even poetical-Der laute Lärm des Tages-On

attention-On St. Bernard of Clairvaux-(Luther, Gibbon)-

What Lord Gifford admires-The spirit of religion-The Trinity

-Emerson, Spinoza-Substance-Brahmanism-Religion-Un-

derstanding and reason-Metaphysical terms-Materialism-

Literary enthusiasm-Technical shortcomings-Emerson and

Carlyle-Social intercourse-Humanity-Liberality and toler-

ance-Faith-Mesmerism-Ebenezer Elliott-An open sense to

evidence,.

GIFFORD LECTURE THE TWELFTH.

THE NEGATIVE-HUME.

197-216

A settlement for faith Lord Gifford's object-Of our single theme

the negative half now-Objections to, or refutations of, the

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Philosophy and Theology: Being the First Edinburgh University Gifford Lectures