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over, ere these pages are printed some investigator will probably have gotten new evidence of importance.

There is much reason to believe that we are approaching the time when a larger and truer viewpoint with reference to man and his welfare is possible. The chemist is no longer solely concerned with the study of the properties of matter and its compounds but is interested in the results of his studies on society; the ethnologist no longer merely makes collections of curiosities of savage tribes, but seeks to explain the course of social evolution; the historian no longer enthuses over dates and names, but seeks to trace the forces at work in shaping societies; the psychologist is turning from the description of mental phenomena to a consideration of human conduct. May we not anticipate sooner or later the appearance of the man who will do for the present century what Spencer sought with considerable success to do for the last, namely, correlate existing knowledge and show its bearing on man and his institutions? I doubt if that man is now living, or, at least, has reached maturity, but he is sure to come, for after all life is a unity and human welfare our greatest concern. If in any small way I have helped to suggest that unity and the desirability of such correlation I am well content.

Finally, I hope that I have succeeded in conveying the thought of the various sections without undue use of technical terms. I trust, therefore, that the general reader may find it worth while and at the same time that it may prove useful in clubs and classes which expect to make more detailed studies of some of the questions suggested in the later chapters.

Barring a few exceptions books only are included in the bibliography. It seldom happens that a book is twice

listed though many of them cover the discussion of several chapters.

In undertaking such a study a writer has his choice of two methods. He may undertake to tell the story in his own words or may allow the authorities to speak for themselves. The first method makes the reading somewhat easier. Inasmuch as no one can claim to have first hand information on so many subjects the reader is likely to wonder if the facts are as represented. I have preferred the second method, therefore, and have quoted freely from the best works known to me. Whenever possible I have drawn freely from the books of special value. Thus some pages of Chapter IV have been taken almost verbatim from the monumental work of A. D. White, "The Warfare of Science with Theology."

Special permission has been received from the following authors and publishers for quotations taken from works indicated:

DEXTER, E. G. Weather Influences. Macmillan Company. WHITE, ANDREW D. Warfare of Science with Theology. D. Appleton and Co.

CHAPIN, F. STUART. Social Evolution. The Century Co. SHELFORD, V. E. Animal Communities in Temperate America. Press of Chicago University.

HUNTINGTON, ELLSWORTH. Civilization and Climate. Yale University Press.

CATTELL, J. MCKEEN. Article in The Independent, Sept. 27, 1915.

So many friends have helped me in so many ways that detailed statement is impossible. To them I owe the possibility of preparing these pages for the printer, and their assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

Philadelphia, Pa.

CARL KELSEY.

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51

III. THE CONTROL OF NATURE.

Man's position due entirely to his ability to utilize
facilities offered by nature. Civilization is based on
control. Control-the possibility of directing nature.

1. Control of natural resources and forces. Primitive
inventions extended man's powers in time or space.
The bow and arrow. The art of fire-making. Discov-
ery and use of metals, coal, iron and electricity.
Rapid growth of manufacture. Synthetic chemistry.

2. The control of plants and animals. Discovery and
cultivation of plants. Origin of cultivated plants.
Development of new types. Domestication of animals.
Relation of domestic animals to civilization. The be-
ginnings of the care of fish, oysters and lobsters.

3. The control of contagious diseases. Recent dis-
coveries of the causes of disease and methods by which
it is spread. A sketch of the warfare against tuber-
culosis, small-pox, cancer. The outlook. Tests of
control in man's health and length of life. The
steadily increasing span of life.

A summary of existing information in three fields:

(a) Cytology-the study of the cell. Every organ-

ism begins as a single cell. The discovery of the chro-
mosomes; their part in heredity. A survey of the work
of Mendel and his emphasis on 66 unit characters";
"Mendelian Laws." DeVries and his idea of "Muta-
tion"; Weismann and his denial of the inheritance of

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