Java on the southeast to the valley of the Thames on the northwest. In this zone the traces of earliest man have been found. If these traces indicate that this region was his original habitat, then man spread over the earth starting from this zone. If contingents of the original race wandered from this zone into new localities, and were prevented from crossing by environmental barriers they would become different from the original type, the one having wandered north into a colder clime, the other south into a warmer clime. . . . This we find to be true. The round-headed, lank-haired peoples of the North are separated by an intermediate type from the long-headed curlyhaired peoples of the South.

"Now by the same reasoning, the original group, the intermediate and plastic type, would become in some way differentiated according as part went southeast and northwest, and these northwestern and southeastern groups would tend to differ somewhat although transmitting the characteristic head form. That is, different sections of the same general racial group would show slight variations from the stable peculiarities of the larger racial groups of which they were parts. This has been the case. In the southeast the brunette of southern Europe becomes the brown in Polynesia, while in the northwest the prevailing white of Europe becomes the pronounced blond of the Baltic regions. In the far southeast, the characteristics of long head and kinky hair are more extreme in Australia and Tasmania, because of long isolation. Also in the other direction there are blacks with long heads and kinky hair, blending off in Africa to the Polynesian type from interbreeding.

"The European part of this race may be divided into two main divisions. One of these is relatively long

headed and dark-complexioned; this division has been called the Eur-African group. The other is relatively round-headed, light-complexioned, and inhabits Europe west of the Ural Mountains, and Asia immediately east of the Ural Mountains; this division has been called the EurAsian." We may classify these as:

"I. The Eur-African Race (relatively long-headed, blond to dark complexion).

1. The Baltic Race. Characteristics: light blond type, very light hair and blue eyes, long head and face, tall stature, narrow aquiline nose. Area of distribution: the section of northwestern Europe near the Baltic Sea,- the general area inhabited by the Teutonic peoples.

2. The Mediterranean Race. Characteristics: brunette type, hair dark brown or black and eyes dark, head and face long, medium and slender stature, rather broad nose.

Area of distribution: in southern Europe south of

the Pyrenees, along the southern coast of France and Italy, including Sicily, and Sardinia.

II. The Eur-Asian Race (relatively round-headed). 1. The Alpine Race. Characteristics: chestnut hair

with hazel gray eyes, round head and broad face, medium stocky stature, and variable but rather broad, heavy nose. (A type intermediate between the Baltic and the Mediterranean.) Its peculiarities appear most frequently when the type is found in greatest purity, isolated in a mountain area. The ancient Alpine race may have been exterminated in the lowlands and the

remnants driven into the mountain fastnesses

by the energetic Baltic race.

Area of distribution: central France and the southern Alpine highlands.

2. The Danubean Race. Characteristics: blond, often red-haired, blue-eyed, round head and relatively broad face, of tall, heavy build. This race has played a most important part in history, variously called the Acheans, the Hellenic Greeks, and the Belgæ.

Area of distribution: the northern Alpine high

lands, and the entire Danube Valley.'

" 21

To understand Giddings' scheme certain assumptions must be kept in mind. He believes that the white group represents more closely than any other the primitive undifferentiated type of humanity. Hence we find a great medley of characters in the group today, and hence this group has always been more subject to variation than the others. The black and yellow types have split off from the parent stock at some early time and have through natural selection in favorable environments developed their peculiarities.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

AMMON, O. Die Natuerliche Auslese beim Menschen. 1893. BOAS, F. The Mind of Primitive Man. 1911.

Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 1911.

BROCA, P. Hybridity in the Genus Homo (English text). 1865.

CHAPIN, F. S. Social Evolution. Rev. Ed. 1915.

COMMONS, J. R. Races and Immigrants in America. 1907. FINOT, J. Race Prejudice. 1907.

21 CHAPIN, F. S. Social Evolution, p. 209 ff.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL RACE CONGRESS REPORT. London, 1913.
HOFFMANN, F. L. Race Traits and Tendencies. 1896.
HUTCHINSON, W. (Ed.). Customs of the World. 1913 (?).
JOHNSTON, H. H. The Negro in the New World. 1910.
KEANE, A. H. The World's Peoples. 1908.

DE LAPOUGE, G. V. Les Selections Sociales. 1896.
RATZEL, F. History of Mankind. 1898.

REIBMAYR, A. Inzucht und Vermischung beim Menschen. 1897.

RIPLEY, W. Z.

The Races of Europe. 1899.

SCHULTZ, A. P.

Race or Mongrel. 1908.

CHAPTER VIII

SEX DIFFERENCES

In all ages and places the human race has thought of itself as divided into two great groups, male and female. This dividing line of sex not only runs through the physical organs and functions, but extends into the fields of work, of play, of education, of government, of religion, and is not infrequently to be traced in the forecasts of the future life. So many of our emotional interests have come to center about sex, so many traditions and superstitions, so much prejudice and nonsense find their basis and support therein, that the student who would separate the chaff from the wheat and learn to what extent popular ideas are supported by the facts has a task of almost endless difficulty before him. How hard this task is will be quickly realized by the one who makes the attempt. He will find that a very large part of that which is offered as evidence is so clearly the product of preconceived ideas that it cannot be taken seriously. Much of the rest is so plainly based upon one or two cases that it is not safe to trust it. Moreover, the distinguishing of things resulting from physical nature and those due to social customs and standards is often impossible. Finally, within the last decade biology has compelled the acceptance of a new attitude towards many matters which formerly seemed settled, and sufficient time has not yet elapsed for a review of all the older evidence. It must be recognized then that many of the statements here made are to be considered as tentative and probable, rather than certain and final.