Canal with the interior of the State and with Lakes Ontario and Erie ports.

Industries.-Watervliet is a manufacturing city. In 1900 (government census) there were 135 manufacturing establishments, which were capitalized for $1,826,691 and which employed 1,167 persons. The value of the yearly products was $1,809,241. It has manufactories of woolen goods, bells, iron products, sashes, doors, and blinds, metal harness parts, street cars, car-journal bearings, machine-shop products, and scales. In 1807 the U. S. government established here the Watervliet Arsenal, one of the largest plants for the construction of siege ordnance and field and coast defense belonging to the United States. The arsenal is on a reservation of 109 acres, which has a wharfage, on the Hudson, of 1,000 feet. The usual manufactures for use in war are produced here, as shot and shell, small ammunition, gun-carriage equipments, etc. There are two large stone magazines. On the reservation are quarters for the officers and barracks for the soldiers and also for any civilians who may be employed in the works. There is also a hospital. During the Mexican and the Civil wars there were about 1,500 persons employed, who worked in relays, day and night, preparing materials for the U. S. army. Since 1892 some of the largest guns in the U. S. service have been made here, and the construction works have been constantly in operation on the large guns and necessary equipment required for the army and navy and for coast defenses.

Churches and Schools.-There are 10 churches representing six different denominations; a high school established in 1899, Saint Patrick's Academy, four public schools, four parish schools, a Union Free Library, and a high school library. There is a graded school in connection with Saint Colman's Orphanage.

History.-Watervliet was settled about the time when settlements were made at Albany and other places on the Hudson. It was incorporated as a village, and called West Troy in 1836. In August, 1897, it was chartered as a city under the name of Watervliet. Its industrial growth has been closely connected with the work of the government arsenal. It has many of the social and educational advantages of Albany and Troy. Pop. (1890) 12,967; (1900) 14,321.

Waterways of the United States, The. The atlas of the world shows that three fourths of its surface is covered with water. The waters of the earth comprise oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, lakes, and rivers. In the main these are navigable, but where not navigable, much has been done to make them so. In addition thereto, extensive systems of intersecting canals have been constructed, so that natural and artificial waters of the world, known as "waterways," comprise all its oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, many of its lakes and rivers, and all navigable canals.

In the United States the ebb and flow of the tide is not the test of navigability, as it was in England before it was abolished by 24 Vict., ch. 10. The Supreme Court of the United States held in the Daniel Ball, 10 Wall. 557, that a different test than tidal variations must be applied here to determine navigability. The court say that those rivers must be regarded as public navigable rivers in law, which are navigable in fact; and they are navigable

in fact when they are used, or are susceptible of being used, in their ordinary condition, as highways for commerce, over which trade and travel are or may be conducted in the customary modes of trade and travel on water. The commercial power of Congress authorizes such legislation as will insure the convenient and safe navigation of all navigable waters of the United States, whether that consists in requiring the removal of obstructions to their use, in prescribing the form and size of the vessels employed upon them, or in subjecting the vessels to inspection and license. The power to regulate commerce comprehends the control for that purpose and to the extent necessary, of all navigable waters of the United States which are accessible from a state other than those in which they lie. For this purpose they are the public property of the nation, and subject to all the requisite legislation of congress. Recently in Perry v. Haines, 191 U. S. 17, the same court decided that admiralty jurisdiction extends to cases of maritime liens upon vessels navigating the Erie canal, as that formed part of a navigable highway for interstate commerce between Lake Erie and the ocean. Thus artificial as well as natural navigable waters are being recognized as public waters in the sense in which Bracton used that term in the rule that publica vero sunt omnia flumina et portus. Years ago the English courts decided that the river Severn was a public highway, and the courts of this country have followed the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States heretofore stated in regard to public navigable waterways. An interior nation has a servitude along natural water courses to reach the highway of nations, known as jus transitus, which is recognized by the law of nations. The right of transit over the Danube below the Iron Gates is secured by agreement. In the United States and in Canada, the rivers do not generally flow in foreign territory, so that it is not necessary to invoke the doctrine of jus transitus, except in a few cases, as along the Richelieu and lower Saint Lawrence.

The waterways of Maine include 240 miles of seacoast, with many bays indenting it and scores of islands strewn along it. The Saint Croix River on the east is the outlet of Grand Lakes. The Penobscot is 275 miles long and navigable to Bangor by large vessels. It is the outlet of several lakes in central Maine and flows into Penobscot Bay, 30 miles long and 15 miles wide. The Kennebec is 160 miles long and navigable to Augusta. It is the outlet of Moosehead Lake, which is 36 miles long and from 8 to 12 miles wide, and navigated by pleasure steamers. The Androscoggin River drains the famous Rangeley lakes and other lakes, and flows 200 miles into the Kennebec near its mouth. It is navigable only in part and by river craft. Sebago Lake is 12 miles long and 10 miles wide and navigable by small steamers. The principal seaport, Portland, has large commerce and there are several ship yards along the coast. New Hampshire has but little sea-coast and no navigable rivers. Those parts of the Merrimac and Connecticut which pass through New Hampshire are not navigable, except by small river craft and by rafts. The inland lakes of New Hampshire are navigable by small pleasure boats. The same is

true of the rivers of Massachusetts. It has, however, Boston Harbor, Massachusetts Bay, Cape Cod Bay, which is to be connected with the Atlantic by a canal across Cape Cod, Nantucket Sound, Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and several other small bays, all in communication with the ocean. Taunton River is navigable to Taunton, 12 miles from its outlet, which empties into Mount Hope Bay. The Mystic and Charles rivers are navigable at their mouths only. Salem, as a commercial port, has a reputation far more enviable than that for withcraft. Vermont has part of Lake Memphremagog, which is navigable by lake steamers, and part of Lake Champlain, 120 miles long and 15 miles wide in its extreme width, which has been, since its discovery on 4 July 1609, a highway of commerce for the aborigines, for the colonists, and for Americans generally. It is navigated by large lake steamers, by scores of other steamers, and by many yachts and sailing vessels. It is one of the most picturesque lakes in America and forms an important portion of the 467 miles of waterway between the Saint Lawrence on the north and New York Bay on the south. It contains several beautiful islands such as Isle La Motte, North Hero, and South Hero. Lake Champlain is to be connected with the waters of the Hudson River at Fort Edward by the improved Champlain Canal, having a depth of 12 feet of water, so that vessels drawing 10% feet may pass from Lake Champlain through into the Hudson River. This will greatly increase the commerce on the lake.

Rhode Island has Narragansett Bay, Mount Hope Bay, Providence and Sakonnet rivers. These are navigable and are frequented by some of the best equipped vessels in America and by hundreds of pleasure boats. The merchant marine of the ports of Rhode Island in 1903 comprised 88 vessels of 15,835 tons. Connecticut has part of Long Island Sound, the Thames River, navigable to Norwich, the Connecticut River, navigable to Hartford, the Naugatuck River, navigable by small craft for a few miles and the Housatonic, 150 miles long and navigable to Shelton. It has several towns along its waterways, such as Stonington, Norwich, New London, New Haven, and Bridgeport. Long Island Sound is 110 miles long and 20 miles wide. It is a great waterway for several superb steamboat lines plying between New York and towns and cities on its northern shore. The Connecticut River at one time was navigated by a number of river boats and had considerable commerce. A line of boats ran between Wells River, Vt., and Hartford. The boats were flat boats and did not draw much water. The Barnet was the first steamer for Connecticut River service. It drew 22 inches of water. On its first trip from Hartford to Vermont it had in tow a barge filled with people. Other steamers were built for river service, in which they were engaged for many years. This river was a great natural highway for the transportation of produce to market. The rapids in the river were overcome by canals at South Hadley Falls, at Turner Falls, and at Bellows Falls.

The waterways of New York comprise that portion of the Atlantic Ocean washing Long Island on the south, and that part of Long Island Sound washing Long Island on the north, and also the upper and lower New York

bays, and a portion of Staten Island Sound, and all of the East, Harlem, and Hudson rivers. New York is the largest commercial port in the western hemisphere, and the second largest commercial port in the world, it being exceeded only by London. The total tonnage that entered that port in the year ending 30 June 1903, was 9,053,906 tons, and its clearances amounted to 8,847,072 tons, that being about one half of the entire tonnage of all the Atlantic ports for that year. Its unique position at the confluence of the East and Hudson rivers overlooking one of the finest harbors in the world, has added to its other commercial advantages and is destined to continue it as the emporium of the western hemisphere. On the north flows the picturesque Hudson, discovered in September 1609, and navigable by steam vessels 150 miles to the city of Troy, and by canal barges to Waterford. It is to be canalized from Waterford to Fort Edward. It receives on the west the waters of the Mohawk formerly navigable about 95 miles, to Little Falls, which is also to be canalized from the Hudson nearly to the city of Rome. The canalized Hudson and Mohawk are to form a part of the improved canal system of the State of New York, about to be constructed pursuant to the provisions of the Canal Referendum Law introduced in the Senate of the State of New York in the session of 1903 by Senator George A. Davis, chairman of the canal committee of the Senate, which law provides for the issue and sale of the bonds of the State, amounting to $101,000,000, for the construction of a system of barge canals, having a bottom width of 75 feet and a depth of 12 feet, from the waters of the Hudson to those of Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie, adequate for barges carrying 1,000 tons. This law received the phenomenal popular approval of 245,000 majority in the State at the general election in 1903. This is the largest canal improvement project ever undertaken by one of the American States, and one of the largest ever undertaken in the history of the world. West of the city of Rome is Oneida Lake, into which flows Wood Creek, which is to be canalized and connected with the Mohawk. Oneida Lake, Oneida River, and Oswego River are all to be canalized, as well as the Seneca River from the Three River point to the outlet of Onondaga Lake, and thence southwesterly nearly to Seneca Lake. New York contains several beautiful bodies of water, such as Lake George, part of Lake Champlain, part of Lake Ontario, part of Lake Erie, Onondaga, Skaneateles, Cayuga, Seneca, Keuka, Canandaigua, and Chautauqua Lake, all navigable by steamers. Seneca Lake formerly had a large commerce, which undoubtedly will be revived by improving its outlet and forming a connection with the new 1,000-ton barge canal. It has also been proposed to improve the outlet of Cayuga Lake in a similar manner. All of these lakes are navigated by passenger steamers during the summer months. The waterways of New Jersey comprise a portion of the lower Hudson, upper New York Bay, Newark Bay, Staten Island Sound, Raritan Bay, the Atlantic Ocean and several arms of the ocean indenting the eastern coast of New Jersey, and Delaware Bay on the south, and the Delaware River on the west, and other rivers intersecting it.

These

canalized and in part paralleled by the Chicago Drainage Canal, 28.05 miles long, 22 feet deep, and 110 feet wide on the bottom, to the south branch of the Chicago River, which communicates through the north branch with Lake Michigan. These form a continuous waterway from the Mississippi River through to Lake Michigan at Chicago. The Chicago Drainage Canal has been made navigable for vessels drawing 22 feet of water, and has the largest prism of any canal of its length in the country. In 1848 the Illinois and Michigan Canal was completed, having a length of 96 miles and a depth of 6 feet, and extending from Chicago to La Salle. Congress authorized the survey for the Hennepin Canal in 1882, connecting the waters of the Illinois River at Hennepin with those of the Mississippi at Rock Island. The Mississippi also has the Wisconsin River as a tributary on the east, which is 600 miles long and navigable up to Portage City, where it connects by a canal with the head-waters of the Fox River in Wisconsin. It flows westerly into the Mississippi. The Fox River, 200 miles long, flows northeasterly through Lake Winnebago into Green Bay. It is navigable. These two rivers and canal form a continuous waterway from the Mississippi to Lake Michigan, which has been declared by the courts a public highway. Through the Wisconsin and Fox rivers steamers may pass from the Mississippi into Lake Michigan. This is one of the three waterways mentioned in Smith's History of Wisconsin, which connect the waters of the Mississippi with those of the Saint Lawrence, the other two being the Illinois and Desplaines rivers and the Miami of the Lakes. The next tributary of the Mississippi on the east is the Saint Croix River, which is navigable for 60 miles. The upper Mississippi is navigable between Saint Anthony's Falls and the Sauk Rapids. The Mississippi River drains several lakes in the central part of Minnesota. The first tributary on the west is the Minnesota, 450 miles long, and navigable to Patterson's Rapids, a distance of 295 miles. The Minnesota River drains Big Stone Lake and Lake Traverse, into which latter lake flows the Red River of the North, which is 700 miles long. The next tributary to the Mississippi is the Des Moines River, 500 miles long, navigable to the city of Des Moines. The next tributary is the Missouri River, which with one of its principal tributaries, the Madison, is over 3,000 miles long, and is navigable for shallow vessels to Fort Benton on the Madison, 2,682 miles. The channel of this river changes so frequently that its navigability is seriously interfered with. The Missouri receives on the east as tributaries the river James and the Big Sioux. On the west the Little Missouri and the Yellowstone, which latter river is over 1,000 miles long and navigable to the mouth of the Big Horn. The Yellowstone River drains the Yellowstone Lake. Other tributaries of the Missouri are the Green River, the Owl, the Big Cheyenne, the White, the Niobrara, all lengthy, but none of them navigable. The Nebraska or Platte, formed by the North and South Fork, and including the North Fork 1,000 miles long, and the Kansas River, including Smoky Hill Form, 900 miles, are all lengthy tributaries of the Missouri, but are not navigable. Congress has been asked to make appropriation, however, to render some of these

lengthy rivers navigable for commercial purposes. The next tributary to the Mississippi on the west is the Saint Francis River, 450 miles long, navigable 80 miles. The next is the White River, 800 miles long and navigable 175 miles to Batesville. The next large tributary to the Mississippi is the Arkansas, 2,000 miles long, and navigable for 800 miles. It has several large tributaries, the most important of which is the Canadian, 900 miles long, and having a tributary, the North Fork, 600 miles long. Another long tributary of the Canadian is the Cimarron. The waters of the Arkansas supply large irrigating canals in Colorado. There are many irrigating canals supplied by the waters of this and other rivers in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains. The next tributary to the Mississippi is the Red River, 1,200 miles long, and navigable to Shreveport. It has two tributaries on the north, the Washita and the False Washita.

The river Calcasieu, in Louisiana, 200 miles long, flows into Calcasieu Lake, and that empties into the Gulf of Mexico. This river is only partially navigable. Both the river Sabine, 500 miles long, and the River Neches, 350 miles long, flow into Sabine Lake, and that empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The Trinity River in Texas is over 500 miles long, and navigable about half its length. It flows into Galveston Bay, which is 35 miles long, and affords one of the best harbors in the Gulf of Mexico, from which great quantities of produce are exported. The Brazos River is over 900 miles long, navigable over 200 miles, and flows into the Gulf of Mexico. The Colorado River is 900 miles long and navigable during certain seasons of the year as far up as Austin. This river empties into Matagorda Bay. The Guadalupe and the San Antonio rivers are both about 200 miles long, and the Nueces is about 400 miles long, and all flow into bays on the coast of Texas. These rivers have many small_tributaries that are not navigable. The Rio Grande is the largest river next to the Mississippi flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. It is 1,800 miles long and navigable by small craft about 450 miles to Kingsbury Rapids. The Colorado River flows into the Gulf of California, is 2,000 miles long and navigable 612 miles. Its largest tributary is the Gila, about 650 miles long. The Sacramento River flows into San Francisco Bay, which is 40 miles long and 12 miles wide, and affords one of the best harbors in the world. On the north in connection with it is San Pablo Bay, which is only 18 feet deep, and into which through the Straits of Karquines flows the Sacramento River. The Sacramento is 500 miles long. Its largest tributary is the San Joaquin, which is 350 miles long, and navigable for large steamers to Stockton, and for small steamers about two thirds of its course. There are other small rivers flowing into the Sacramento from the east.

Improvements undertaken by the general government and the State of California have opened up the Lower Sacramento and connecting waters until the range of tidal action has been extended as far up as Sacramento City, and rendered it navigable for vessels drawing from 10 to 15 feet of water. The Columbia River is about 1,400 miles in length, and flows into the Pacific through a wide mouth, upon which is located Astoria. Upon this river are