CONTENTS.

proofs-Negative not necessarily or predominatingly modern,

Kant, Darwin-The ancient negative, the Greeks, Pythagoreans,

Ionics, Eleatics, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Democritus, (Bacon),

Anaxagoras, Socrates, Sophists, Diagoras, Aristotle, Aristoxenus,

Dicaearchus, Strato, (Hume, Cudworth), Aristophanes, etc.-

Rome-Modern Europe, France, Hume and the seventeen

atheists-Epochs of atheism-David Hume, his influence-To

many a passion and a prejudice-Brougham, Buckle-Style!-

Taste!-Blair-Hume's taste, Pope, Shakespeare, John Home

-Othello-The French to Hume-Mr. Pope! - Some bygone

litterateurs - Personality and character of Hume - Jokes,

stories, Kant, Aristotle-The Scotch-The Epigoniad-America

-Germany - Generosity, affection, friendship, hospitality -

Smollett-Burke but Hume, honest, genuine, and even re-

ligious and pious,

xi

PAGE

217-242

GIFFORD LECTURE THE THIRTEENTH.

THE NEGATIVE AND HUME (continued).

The Dialogues concerning Natural Religion-Long consideration and

repeated revision of them-Their publication, Hume's anxiety

for, his friends' difficulties with-Style, Cicero-Words and

things, Quintilian-Styles, old and new-The earlier works-

The Treatise-The Enquiry, Rosenkranz-Hume's provision-

Locke, Berkeley-Ideas-Connection in them-Applied to the

question of a Deity-Of a Particular Providence-Extension of

the cause inferred, to be proportioned only to that of the given

effect-Applied to the cause of the world-Natural theology to

Hume-Chrysippus in Plutarch-Greek-The order of argu-

mentation-The ontological-Matter the necessary existence-

The cosmological answers that-Infinite contingencies insufficient

for one necessity-The teleological-Analogy inapplicable-

Hume's own example,

GIFFORD LECTURE THE FOURTEENTH.

THE NEGATIVE AND HUME (concluded).

243-264

The teleological argument-Two moments-First, the alleged ne-

cessity of thought-It has itself no end-So matter enough-

Thought itself only a part, limited, imperfect, and in want of

explanation-Thought as thought common to us all, Grote,

Hume, Erigena, Heraclitus-The sole necessity-Second, the

analogy-The supreme cause not situated as other causes

Other principles, vegetation, generation-The world an animal

-The Empedoclean expedient-The effect only warrants great

power, not Almighty power-Evil-Free opinion-Hume's

friends Epicurus's dilemma Superstition results - Four

suggestions-No pain-Special volitions-Greater strength-

Extremes banished from the world-Creation on general prin-

ciples-Erasmus Darwin-Mr. Froude, Carlyle-Finitude as

such, externality as such-Antithesis-Charles V.-Abdal-

rahman III. Septimius Severus - Johnson - Per contra-

Wordsworth, Gibbon, Hume-Work, Carlyle-The trades-

Comparison-Self-contradiction - Identity - Hegel - "As re-

gards Protoplasm "- The Hindoos-Burton on cause-Sir John

Herschel - Brown, Dugald Stewart - Spinoza - Erdmann-

Notions and things, Erigena-Rabelais-Form and matter-

Hume in conclusion,

PAGE

265-285

GIFFORD LECTURE THE FIFTEENTH.

KANT ON THE PROOFS.

Transition, Hume to Kant-Effect of Kant on natural theology

-The centre of Kant's thought-Hume led to this-Causal

necessity-That necessity objective-Still in matters of fact-

Relations of ideas-Hume on one side, Kant on the other, of the

dilemma-Hume quite as Reid, on natural necessity-But what

the explanation to intellectual insight-Synthetic addition-

Analytic implication-Change-Kant's explanation is, There

are à priori syntheses native to the mind-The whole Kantian

machinery in a sentence-Time and space-The twelve cate-

gories and the three ideas-A toy house-A peculiar magic

lantern - A psychology - A metaphysic - Analysis of the

syllogism for the ideas-Simple apprehension missed-An idea

-The ideal-The teleological proof,

286-304

GIFFORD LECTURE THE SIXΤΕΕΝΤΗ.

KANT AND THE PROOFS (concluded).

The cosmological proof-Contingency-Ab alio esse and esse a se-

The special contingency an actual fact in experience-This

Kant would put out of sight - Jehovah - Two elements in

the argument, experience and ideas-The generality of the

experience - Also of the idea - Contingency is a particular

CONTENTS.

empirical fact-Ens realissimum-Only the ontological argument

in disguise-Logical inference But just generally the all-

necessary being of such a world - Hume anticipated Kant-

Why force analogy-Why transcend nature-No experience of

such cause, which must not exceed the effect-Hume's early

memoranda-The "nest" - All Kant dependent on his own

constant sense of school-distinctions-His entire world-The

system being true, what is true? -The ontological argument-

No thinking a thing will bring it to be-What it all comes to,

the single threefold wave-Hegel - Middle Age view from

Augustine to Tauler-Meister Eckhart-Misunderstanding of

mere understanding - The wickedest then a possible divine

reservoir-Adam Smith and the chest of drawers-Absurd for

Kant to make reason proper the "transcendent shine"-The

Twelfth Night cake, but the ehrliche Kant,

xiii

PAGE

305-322

GIFFORD LECTURE THE SEVENTEENTH.

DARWIN AND DESIGN.

The three degrees, positive, comparative, superlative in negation of

the proofs, or Hume, Kant, Darwin-The Life and Letters of

Charles Darwin, chapter viii. of the first volume-Darwin one

of the best of men-Design-Uniformity and law-Darwin's

own words - He himself always gentle - But resolute to

win-Concessiveness-Religious sentiment-Disbelief-Jokes-

Natural selection being, materialism is true, and ideas are only

derivative - The theory - A species what - Sterility - What

suggested natural selection to Darwin-Bakewell's achievements

as a breeder-Darwin will substitute nature for Bakewell, to the

production, not of new breeds, but, absolutely, of new species-

His lever to this, change by natural accident and chance: such

necessarily proving either advantageous, disadvantageous, or

indifferent-Advantage securing in the struggle for life survival

of the fittest, disadvantage entailing death and destruction,

indifference being out of count-The woodpecker, the misletoe

-But mere variation the very fulcrum-Variation must be, and

consequences to the organism must be: hence the whole-But

never design, only a mechanical pullulation of differences by

chance that simply prove advantageous or disadvantageous, etc.

-Conditions-Mr. Huxley-Effect of the announcements of

Sir Joseph Hooker and Sir Charles Lyell-Mr. Darwin insists

on his originality-His difficulties in winning his way-Even

those who agree with him, as Lyell, Hooker, and others, he

demurs to their expressions: they fail to understand-Mr.

Darwin's own qualms-"What makes a tuft of feathers come

on a cock's head, or moss on a moss-rose?"-That the question

--Still spontaneous variation both universal and constant,

GIFFORD LECTURE THE EIGHTEENTH.

DARWIN AND DESIGN (continued).

PAGE

323-342

The theory-Individual variation-Darwin early looked for natural

explanation of design-Creation, its senses-Antisthenes, Cole-

brooke, Cudworth-Creative ideas-Anaxagoras - Aristotle-

Mr. Clair Grece and Darwin-For design Mr. Darwin offers a

mechanical pullulation of individual difference through chance,

but with consequent results that as advantageous or dis-

advantageous seem concerted-The Fathers-Nature the pheno-

menon of the noumenon, a boundless externality of contingency

that still is a life-Nature, the object will only be when it

reaches the subject-That object be, or subject be, both must

be-Even the crassest material particle is already both

elementarily - As it were, even inorganic matter possesses

instincts-Aristotle, design and necessity - Internalization-

Time space, motion, matter - The world - Contingency-A

perspective of pictures-The Vestiges and evolution-Darwin

deprecates genealogies, but returns to them-The mud-fish-

Initial proteine-There are so many mouths to eat it up now

-Darwin recants his pentateuchal concession to creation-

Depends on "fanciers and breeders" - The infinitudes of

transition just taken by Mr. Darwin in a step-Hypothesis-

Illustration at random-Difference would go on to difference,

not return to the identity-Mr. Lewes and Dr. Erasmus-The

grandfather's filament-Seals-The bear and the whale-Dr.

Erasmus on the imagination, on weeping, on fear, on the

tadpole's tail, on the rationale of strabismus,

GIFFORD LECTURE THE NINETEENTH.

DARWIN AND DESIGN (continued).

343-362

Dr. Erasmus Darwin-Student scribbles on Zoonomia - Family

differences, attraction and repulsion - The Darwins in this

respect-Dr. Erasmus of his sons, Mr. Charles and Dr. R. W.-

Dr. R. W. as to his sons-Charles on his grandfather, father,

brother-Mr. Erasmus on his brother's book-On the à priori

-On facts-Darwin's one method-Darwin and Hooker on

CONTENTS.

facts - Family politics - Family religion - Family habits-

Family theories-Mr. Darwin's endowments-His Journal-

The Zoonomia-Theories of Dr. Erasmus-Paley-Instinct-

An idea to Dr. E. - Dugald Stewart - Picture-thinking-

Dr. E.'s method-Darwin's doubts - His brave spirit-The

theory to his friends-Now-Almost every propos of the grand-

son has its germ in the grandfather (Krause) - Yet the position

of the latter-Byron on-Mr. Lewes also-The greater Newton,

original Darwinism now to be revived-Dr. E. admirable on

design-Charles on cats made by God to play with mice!-

Dr. E. on atheism-The apology-But will conclude with a

single point followed thoroughly out the Galapagos-Darwin

held to be impregnably fortified there-The Galapagos thrown

up to opponents at every turn-But we are not naturalists!-

Dr. E. rehabilitates us - Description of the Galapagos from

the Journal - The islands, their size, number, position,

geographical and relative-Depth of water and distance between

-Climate, currents, wind-Geology, botany, zoology-Vol-

canoes, dull sickly vegetation, hills, craters, lava, pits, heat,

salt-pools, water-Tortoises, lizards, birds-Quite a region to

suggest theory,

XV

PAGE

363-381

GIFFORD LECTURE THE TWENTIETH.

DARWIN AND DESIGN-(conclusion).

The action-South American types, left here to themselves, change

into new species from accumulation of their own individual

spontaneous differences-The birds-Differences in the times

and modes of arrival between land and sea birds-Carte and

tierce-Contradiction-Parried by a word-An advocate's proof

-The printer and Mr. Darwin's woulds-The sea-gull-The

finches-Sir William Jardine-The process to Darwin-What

was to him "a new birth "- Where the determinative advant-

age for these different beaks-The individual central islands not

incommunicably separate-French birds at Dover-Isolation-

Ex-contrario-Individual difference the single secret, that is

the "law" which has been "discovered" of "natural selection"

-Apply influence of external conditions to the Galapagos-

Kant-The Galapagos rat and mouse-New beings but yet the

old names-If difference goes always on only to difference

without return to identity, why are there not infinitely more

species?-Bowen-Darwin only empedoclean-Parsons-Lyell

-Monsters (giants and dwarfs) sterile-Frederick's grenadiers,