headed and dark-complexioned; this division has been called the Eur-African group. The other is relatively round-headed, light-complexioned, and inhabits Europe west of the Ural Mountains, and Asia immediately east of the Ural Mountains; this division has been called the EurAsian." We may classify these as: "I. The Eur-African Race (relatively long-headed, blond to dark complexion). 1. The Baltic Race. Characteristics: light blond type, very light hair and blue eyes, long head and face, tall stature, narrow aquiline nose. Area of distribution: the section of northwestern Europe near the Baltic Sea,— the general area inhabited by the Teutonic peoples. 2. The Mediterranean Race. Characteristics: brunette type, hair dark brown or black and eyes dark, head and face long, medium and slender stature, rather broad nose. Area of distribution: in southern Europe south of the Pyrenees, along the southern coast of France and Italy, including Sicily, and Sardinia. II. The Eur-Asian Race (relatively round-headed). 1. The Alpine Race. Characteristics: chestnut hair with hazel gray eyes, round head and broad face, medium stocky stature, and variable but rather broad, heavy nose. (A type intermediate between the Baltic and the Mediterranean.) Its peculiarities appear most frequently when the type is found in greatest purity, isolated in a mountain area. The ancient Alpine race may have been exterminated in the lowlands and the remnants driven into the mountain fastnesses by the energetic Baltic race. Area of distribution: central France and the southern Alpine highlands. 2. The Danubean Race. Characteristics: blond, often red-haired, blue-eyed, round head and relatively broad face, of tall, heavy build. This race has played a most important part in history, variously called the Acheans, the Hellenic Greeks, and the Belgæ. Area of distribution: the northern Alpine highlands, and the entire Danube Valley." 21 To understand Giddings' scheme certain assumptions must be kept in mind. He believes that the white group represents more closely than any other the primitive undifferentiated type of humanity. Hence we find a great medley of characters in the group today, and hence this group has always been more subject to variation than the others. The black and yellow types have split off from the parent stock at some early time and have through natural selection in favorable environments developed their peculiarities. SUGGESTIONS FOR READING AMMON, O. Die Natuerliche Auslese beim Menschen. 1893. BOAS, F. The Mind of Primitive Man. 1911. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 1911. BROCA, P. Hybridity in the Genus Homo (English text). 1865. CHAPIN, F. S. Social Evolution. Rev. Ed. 1915. COMMONS, J. R. Races and Immigrants in America. 1907. FINOT, J. Race Prejudice. 1907. 21 CHAPIN, F. S. Social Evolution, p. 209 ff. FIRST INTERNATIONAL RACE CONGRESS REPORT. London, 1913. DE LAPOUGE, G. V. Les Selections Sociales. 1896. REIBMAYR, A. Inzucht und Vermischung beim Menschen. 1897. RIPLEY, W. Z. The Races of Europe. 1899. SCHULTZ, A. P. Race or Mongrel. 1908. CHAPTER VIII SEX DIFFERENCES In all ages and places the human race has thought of itself as divided into two great groups, male and female. This dividing line of sex not only runs through the physical organs and functions, but extends into the fields of work, of play, of education, of government, of religion, and is not infrequently to be traced in the forecasts of the future life. So many of our emotional interests have come to center about sex, so many traditions and superstitions, so much prejudice and nonsense find their basis and support therein, that the student who would separate the chaff from the wheat and learn to what extent popular ideas are supported by the facts has a task of almost endless difficulty before him. How hard this task is will be quickly realized by the one who makes the attempt. He will find that a very large part of that which is offered as evidence is so clearly the product of preconceived ideas that it cannot be taken seriously. Much of the rest is so plainly based upon one or two cases that it is not safe to trust it. Moreover, the distinguishing of things resulting from physical nature and those due to social customs and standards is often impossible. Finally, within the last decade biology has compelled the acceptance of a new attitude towards many matters which formerly seemed settled, and sufficient time has not yet elapsed for a review of all the older evidence. It must be recognized then that many of the statements here made are to be considered as tentative and probable, rather than certain and final. To the average man the division into sexes seems so definitely a fixed scheme of nature that it comes almost as a shock to learn that in thousands of the lowest forms of life there is no such phenomenon. After a time nature seems to be experimenting to see if it offers any advantages. Plant lice have a generation in which both sexes are present and then several in which the males are missing. The hickory phylloxera has a peculiar history. In the spring females only appear and lay their eggs in a leaf ball. These eggs may be either large or small but only one sort comes from a given individual. From the large eggs females are hatched; from the small, males. After fertilization these females lay the large eggs which last over winter to renew the cycle in the spring. Other forms, like earthworms, snails and leeches, are hermaphroditic, and this condition is believed to occur in animals as high as birds and mammals. Curious and bizarre combinations exist such as the blending in one individual of the characters of both sexes, known as gynandromorphism, which is found in insects, occasionally, and birds, rarely. In such a case one side of the body has the color and other characteristics of the male; the other side, those of the female. A bullfinch has been taken with a line on the breast sharply separating the red feathers of the cock on one side from the brown feathers of the hen on the other. Neither side was sexually perfect. It has already been mentioned that the unfertilized eggs of bees develop into drones, the fertilized eggs into workers and queens. Though true hermaphrodites are not found in the highest types of life, there are all sorts of imperfect combinations and malformations which remind us of earlier forms. We are forced to the conclusion that the bisexual forms offer some marked advantages over the uni |