application of the principle on which Strauss himself insists so strongly, that "man must not merely be an animal repeated, but must be something more, something better."

(2) The claim of women to an equal share with men in the advantages and responsibilities of education and citizenship is very frequently met by the objection that to grant this claim is to fly in the face of nature. And the objection, when it comes from the evolutionist, has a certain plausibility. He points out, perhaps, how advance in organic life goes along with increasing differentiation of sex-a rash assertion in biology, but I have heard it made by a biologist. And so, it is asked, are not the advocates of women's rights, trying to reverse all that, and to produce a morally asexual being? Again, if we limit ourselves to human society, it is pointed out that "the difference between the sexes, as regards the cranial cavity, increases

with the development of the race, so that the male European excels much more the female, than the negro the negress" (quoted from Vogt by Darwin Descent of Man p. 566 n.; but it is admitted that more observations are yet requisite before the fact can be positively asserted). It is argued from this fact, if such it be, that the progress of society has brought with it a still greater differentiation of sex, and, this having proved beneficial for the human race, it is folly to seek to reverse it. Let us take the last argument first. Because a certain method has led us up to a certain point, it does not follow that the same method continued will carry us on further. Races that have reached a certain stage may be hindered by extreme conservatism from making any further progress-like the Chinese. Again, at what degree of differentiation between the habits and lives of the sexes are we to draw the line?

Englishmen, Frenchmen, Turks would draw it very differently. And the Turk ought to please the biological Conservative best, because he has pushed the differentiation of the sexes to a logical issue. The persons who use this kind of argument fancy that they are influenced by scientific considerations, but they are really influenced by what they happen to have grown accustomed to. Thirdly, if there is this greater difference between the cranial cavities of savage and civilised men than between those of savage and civilised women, to what must it be due?

(a). Those who believe that acquired characteristics (e. characteristics produced by agencies external to the organism) are transmitted, must explain this difference by the difference in institutions, laws and customs. Well, then-what these have done before in one direction they may do again in another.

And the same education and the same responsibilities will, in course of time, put the average woman on the same level with the average man. (6). If use and disuse are not allowed as explanations, then this alleged brain inferiority of women must be due either to natural or to sexual selection. (a). If to natural selection, this would mean that in the struggle for existence those races or tribes have succeeded best in which the males have on the average had better brains than the females. And this may have been so in times when constant fighting was necessary for existence, though in such a case it would be the greater superiority of the male and not the greater relative inferiority of the female that had been the real cause of success. But this affords no argument that, when many other conditions of success than fighting power become necessary, the process of natural selection will continue to

act in the same way. A people, all whose members become superior in mental qualities, will have the advantage over those peoples in which the development is partial and onesided; for, certainly, it could not be argued that the (alleged) relatively greater inferiority of the civilised female brain had gone along with an increased capacity for the purely physical functions of maternity, as compared with what is found among savage races. (8). If, on the other hand, the alleged difference is due to sexual selection, this must mean, not merely that men as a rule have preferred women with inferior brain power to their own (which is likely enough), but women whose female children were also on the average inferior in this respect to their male children. Supposing such a kind of selection to be possible (one can only admit it for the sake of argument), then, if men's ideas about women come to be altered,