same." Another invention is, that of verses that may be read either forwards or backwards; and in the latter case, generally meaning quite the reverse of the apparent sense, and including sarcasm or satire. This sort was some- Pauperibus tua das gratis, nec munera curas rerum, Scandere te faciunt, hoc decus eximium. Ad Julium 111. Pontificem Maximum. Ad Carolum V. Cæsarem. Ad Ferdinandum Romanorum Regem. Romulidum bone Rex, magno sis Cæsare major, Nomine, nec fatis, aut minor imperio. A complete specimen appears in a line applicable either to Cain or Abel, being also hexameter one way, and pentameter the other. Abel says, Sacrum pingue dabo, nec macrum sacrificabo. To which Cain replies, Sacrificabo macrum, nec dabo pingue sacrum. (To be continued.) THE W. Mr. URBAN, Thetford, July 8. HE following trifles are at your service, and you will not expect better from me: parvum parva decent. I. DAMM's Lexicon Homericum et Pindaricum. Your correspondent R. S. Y. in the Number for April, p. 292, desired to know in what estimation DAMM's Lexicon was held by scholars. I can only say to this worthy TITUS TATIUS (Cic. ad Her. iv. 12), that I frequently use the work myself, and always derive much information from it. Those who do not possess a copy of EUSTATHIUS's Commentaries on Homer, will find the substance of his explanations in DAMM's work. My worthy friend, the Rev. H. HUNTINGFORD, B. D. has published an edition of Pindar, with DAMM's Pindaric Lexicon, separated from the Homeric; "Lexicon Pindaricum ex integro DAMM11 Opere Etymologico excerptum, et justa Serie dispositum, Editio altera," 1821, 8vo. The book was published for the use of Winchester school, and is dedicated to Dr. GABELL. He happily selected the following motto: "DAMMII Lexicon Homerico-Pindaricum, Berol. 1765, opus Herculei laboris, in quo utinam Pindarica seorsum ab Homericis vulHEYNE'S Præf. ad PIND. gasset!", Carm. The original work has been reprinted, or is now reprinting in Germany. II. Vitæ Clarorum Anglia Philolo gorum. R. S. Y. in your June Number, p. 487, asks," Why have not we our own Vita Clarorum Philologorum, as scholars on the continent have theirs?" I reply that I sympathise with him in this feeling. I have long been desirous to supply the desideratum; I have made some preparations towards filling up the vacuum, and I believe that sooner or later he will see the design 1830.] CLASSICAL LITERATURE.-Illustrations of Horace. carried into execution. My intention is, however, to extend the plan so as to include the continental scholars, editors, critics, and philologists, LIPSIUS, SALMASIUS, &c. and to make the work a Supplement to my edition of LEMPRIERE's Classical Dictionary. With this view I have requested PROFESSOR ANTHON of New York, in preparing materials for a new edition of the Lempriere, when it is called for, to insert in the Appendix suitable notices of LIPSIUS, SALMASIUS, &c. so that the student may have, in a conpendious and accessible form, that information which he must necessarily require in so many instances. This part of the work will be extended by me, and in all probability it will have a separate title-page, for the accommodation of those who wish to purchase the book as a separate publication, and not as a Supplement to Lempriere. I shall thankfully receive any public hints or MS. materials from your Correspondents for this purpose. In the mean time, I refer R. S. Y. to a work, which will furnish him with very accurate and valuable information, even about English scholars of the olden times, viz. CHR. SAXII Onomasticon Literarium, and to the third vol. of NOLTENII Lexicon Anti-Barbarum. III. HORACE, Epist. 2, 2, 12. Meo sum pauper in ære. Your correspondent H. B. in your last Number, p. 488, solicits any remarks on the above quoted passage, and I hasten to gratify his wishes, and to satisfy his doubts. The entire pas sage of Cicero, to which the DELPHIN EDITOR and DR. FRANCIS allude, is this: "Egebat? immo locuples erat. Debebat? immo in suis nummis versabatur. Avarus erat? immo etiam, antequam locuples, semper liberalissimus munificentissimusque fuit." Or. pro. Q. Rosc. Comado, c. 8. ERNESTI, in his Index Latinitatis, sub v. Numus, merely says: "Rosc. Com. 8. versariin suis numis, opponitur, in ære alieno." And GESNER, in his Thes. L. L. sub. v. Versor :-" In suis summis versabatur, i. multas pecunias habebat, et nihil debebat. Hæc BuDEUS. Alii numis." With this passage of Cicero, let us compare the following, Cic. Verr. 4, 6: "Hominem video non modo in ære alieno nullo, sed in suis numis multis esse, semperque fuisse." 37 "Esse ant versari in numis, pecuniam habere, Cic. Verr. 4, 6. pro Rosc. Com. 8." FORCELLINUS. In both the instances Cicero is speaking of men, who were so far from being in debt, that they were rather in a condition to lend money. But in the line of Horace, the character described is living on a small independence; though not rich, he is above want; he is free from debt, but has no money to place at interest or to purchase luxuries; his wealth is unincumbered poverty, and his ample income is the sufficiency for his wants, with moderate views and a contented spirit. In my excellent and learned friend PROFESSOR ANTHON's valuable edition of Horace, published at New York in the present year, I find the following note: "Meo sum pauper in ære. 'I am in narrow circumstances I confess, yet owe no man anything. A proverbial expression most probably. The scholiast merely remarks in explanation of it, Nihil alicui quidquam debeo." But there is, in my opinion, no proof, and little probability, that the expression was proverbial. In GesNER's Thes. L. L. sub. v. Pauper, we have the following satisfactory explanation: "Pauper quidem sum, sed tamen in meo ære, non in alieno constitutus, i. e.nulli quidquam debeo, PORPHYR.: Congesto pauper in auro,' Seneca, Herc. F, s. 3." It will throw some light on the passage, if we keep in view the true meaning of the word pauper. Pauper, cui parva et angusta res familiaris est, qui non affluit opibus, nec tamen eget, tenuis, medius inter egenum et divitem." Terent. Phorm. 2, 3, 16. "Pauper cui opera vita erat, ruri fere se continebat," Cic. Parad. 6. 3. M. Manilius pauper fuit; habuit euim ædiculos in Carinis, et fundum in Labicano." Horat. Epist. 2, 2, 12." Forcellinus. 66 Paupertas,' "he subjoins, "differt ab egestate, quæ est cum res ad vitam necessaria desunt; paupertas, cum non desunt quidem, sed vix sufficiunt. Cic. Parad. 6, 1. "Istam paupertatem vel potius egestatem ac mendicitatem tuam nun quam obscure tulisti," Seneca Epist. 87. sub. fin. "Paupertas est, non quæ pauca possidet, sed quæ multa non possidet," Val. Max. 4, 8, 2. Fabius in honorem patriæ paupertatem inopia mutavit, Seneca Octav. 895, bene paupertas Humili tecto contenta latet. Sæpe cum inopia et egestate confunditur.'" 38 CLASSICAL LITERATURE.-Illustrations of Horace. GESNER" Pauper proprie medium est inter divitem et mendicum, nempe cui necessaria tantum suppetunt, eum pauperem vo→ Martial. 11, 33. Nestorem plane nihil habentem deridens Nec toga, nec focus est,' etc. ita finit, cant. Tu tamen affectas, Nestor, dici atque videri acervos Præbeat, et pleno pinguia musta lacu,' - I will conclude with noticing two "Translate in ære meo esse aliquis dicitur, qui meus est, seu inter meos amicos et necessarios censetur; ducta similitudine a possessione pecuniæ. Cic. Fam. 13, 62. In animo habui te in ære meo esse, prop Adde ter Lamiæ nostri conjunctionem. 15, 14. Ære suo censeri, est in se æstimabilem esse, nec aliunde egere commen. Virtus super datione. Seneca Epist. 87. ista consistit, suo ære censetur."" FOR [July, and manuscripts may be the right one; Ne semper udum Tibur, et Æsulæ Telegoni juga parricidæ." Mr. Hardinge says, that the scenery which the Poet here describes as that which he exhorts Mæcenas to contemplate no more for a time, is the very scene to which he invites him. How then would Mæcenas cease to contemplate the semper udum Tibur, &c. by coming to it? and to rescue Horace from this seeming inconsisthe ency, proposes to read ut instead of ne. Now, Sir, if ut had been found as a various reading, I should not hesitate to adopt it; but my idea is, that all the editions are right, and that ne is the proper word, and that the error is in not giving the right meaning to ne, INth, that of Mr. Phelps, which has here the sense of quid ni CELLINUS. Yours, &c. E. H. BARKer. Mr. URBAN, Penzance, June. IN the biography of Dr. Sueyd Da contained in the first volume of Nichols's "Illustrations of Literature," and written by the late Judge Hardinge, I perceive an emendation of a passage in Horace (lib. iii. od. 29) which was proposed by Mr. Nicholas Hardinge, if I understand rightly, and approved by Markland, Bentley, Parr, and Taylor. It is spoken of as a discovery of great value (see "Illustrations of Literature," vol. i. p. 728), and it is asserted, that the present reading, though it is that of all the editions and MSS. is perfect ridicule and folly. Certainly it would be presumptuous to controvert the opinions of Markland. and Bentley; but may there not be some error in the account which is given of their approbation? and yet I can hardly imagine that there is any mistake relative to Bentley, as his commendation of the alteration is given with peculiar circumstances. Notwithstanding the above phalanx of names, I am induced to think that what is the reading of all the editions Horace does not exhort Mæcenas to contemplate the scene no more, but he exhorts him to shake off that delay which detains him from contemplating. Ne has here (as I with deference think) the sense of quid ni or lest. I have given the meaning paraphrastically; but it surely has the same sense as in "In culpa es the following passages: "Eri Cæs. ne cernere possis."-Lucret. 1830.] [ 39 ] REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. Ireland, and its Economy; being the result of observations made in a Tour through the Country in the Autumn of 1829. By E. Bicheno, Esq. F.R.S. Sec. Linn. Soc. &c. Svo. pp. 308. Post 8vo. R. BICHENO, in this able phi of Ireland, states the cause of distress to be the mercantile principle of treat ing land as a source of profit, through exchange of produce, and rejection of using it as a means of maintaining the people; in other words, he thinks that in old times the landlord preferred power and influence to luxury and ostentation; and had feelings for his dependants, which the mercantile principle necessarily suffocates. In detailing the processes by which this change was effected, he illustrates the results of changing a tillage into a grazing system; viz. that it takes away the land from providing food for human beings, to that of providing food for cattle, which requires little or no labour, and of course turns off to seek for maintenance, how they can, numbers of useful husbandmen. The position, so far as concerns local, and to a certain degree national support of the population, is unquestionably true, for he who exports cattle, and imports wine in exchange, returns nothing from which his own people derive be nefit, although it may produce profit to the wine merchant, the shipping inte rest, and the foreign producer. The question is not here, what may be the general, but the local action of such a system; and that local action is, that the more land is thrown into grazing, the smaller is the quantity of labour, and in consequence, support of the people, which is required. Under an Utopian plan, a man ought therefore to make provision for his poor dependants before he turns his arable to grass land, and so throws his people out of employ, and the means of support. In England they have found a resource in trade and manufactures: in Ireland they have been driven to bogs. and mountain lands, or forced to give for patches of potatoe ground an exorbitant rent, which throws all the profit of industry into the pocket of the landlord, and leaves only to the poor not a minimum, but minimissimum of maintenance, 1d. per day (see postea). It would be absurd to suppose that persons in such a state of want and ignorance, will not seek refuge idleness and drunkenness, in gross animal indulgences, in the usual pleasures and habits of savages. Under the Clan system of the old Celts, Scotch and Irish, Mr. Bicheno observes, that this neglect of the poor could not exist, because, when every Chieftain depended, for the security of his power and property, upon the number and allegiance of his retainers, he of course was obliged to consult the means of their support and comfort. Thus it was, that paternal Providence made good out of evil; for, whatever evil there was in robbery (lifting cattle, &c. was the phrase), in forming gangs of banditti, yet the very existence of such clan gangs implied a provision for maintenance of them; and by an impulse not to be resisted, when people are obliged to steal or starve, they coinmonly prefer the former. As law and governmental power augment in influence, the former becomes dangerous in the extreme, but still the evil exists. In Ireland and England, the evil was partially got rid of in the respective manners before described. There are for such a state of things but two remedies, which carry relief to the population, viz. adoption of the naval or military profession (the best remedy), but which is checked from the expense in time of peace, or employ elsewhere, or emigration. If the quantum of population in Ireland was no more than equal to its means of employ, all civil and political evil would cease of itself, because the expectancy or possession of property makes people regard the laws, order, and tranquillity; for upon such a state of things entirely depend the security and enjoyment of property. But where labour is not wanted, will capital be applied to it? In the existing state of things, i. e. one where there is not a common in-, terest between the poor and the rich,. but one in an unnatural state, that is, where the rich live by the poor through 40 REVIEW.-Bicheno on Ireland.-Vindication of Paley. [July, though the expenditure of an absentee landlord must be represented by the commodities of the country from which he derives his re valent in his own produce. A bill of 1000l. upon Paris may be for the manufactures of Manchester, and not a single ox or quarter of wheat may be represented in it: yet it be wronged, where the landed proprietors can hardly be denied that the country must overlook the interest of their own tenantry, and do not take care that the commodity which is exported, contributes to the employment of their own people.”—pp. 296-9. the pressure of population upon subsistence, causing exorbitant rent, the affections of the latter are alienated from their natural protectors, and transmittances, still it may not represent an equiferred to the priests; but kind and amiable as are the feelings of Mr. Bicheno towards that class of men, as to personal conduct, he has omitted to state that his arguments are useless in regard to Ireland, because no fact is better established than that beggary, rags, and indolence, are characteristic of every country where Catholicism is supreme. Spain, Portugal, and Italy, are sufficient testimonies; and more than all, the difference which prevails in this respect between the Protestant and Romish Cantons of Switzerland. Poor Laws, Mr. Bicheno thinks, would be ineffectual, because for the best of reasons they could not be paid as to any adequate amount, if assessed, "The Dietary in the Irish House of Industry at Limerick (where no work is done) is-for breakfast, 8 oz. oatmeal, and 1 pint of new milk-dinner, 4 lb. of potatoes, boiled, and 1 pint of sour milk. The cost of dieting a pauper was stated to be 14d. per diem."-p. 244. Now this is exactly 21. per annum, which, taking the number of paupers at six millions, would be twelve millions yearly, four millions more than the amount of Poor-rates in opulent England. Thus, under all the circumstances, there to be no efficient appears remedy but emigration; any other can be only palliatives; and repeal of the Union, and proposed independence, only aggravations, and measures which would produce war with England, and transportation, if successful, of the yet remaining capital, as well as civil war. As to the modern theories of Political Economists, our author justly says, "That they are of insignificant importance when applied practically to the actual circumstances of a country. Theories are educed from a few facts selected from a multitude, while practice proceeds upon the broad and expanded basis of all facts: so that it generally happens, that the theoretic principles are inapplicable to the existing exigencies of society. When for instance it is roundly stated that Ireland sustains no injury from absentee expenditure, because whatever rent is remitted, is without doubt represented in a great degree by the export of Irish commodities, and as far as expenditure is concerned, the chief difference seems to be in the place of consumption. But still, Emigration, the only efficient remedy, is rendered difficult, by the heavy expence: but our author says, that pences of the transplantation; and Ireland "The land itself ought to bear the exhas now to make a temporary sacrifice of an amount suited to the urgency of the occa sion."-p. 274. ought to be levied upon the landed According to this opinion, a tax proprietors of Ireland, to pay the cost of emigration. A Vindication of Dr. Paley's Theory of Morals from the principal Objections of Mr. Dugald Stewart, Mr. Gisborne, &c. By the Rev. Latham Wainwright, F. S. A. Rector of Great Brickhill.-8vo. pp. 204. THE moral sense, we apprehend, grows out of the association of ideas; for how can a person distinguish bewithout comparison. We are of opitween a feeling of right and wrong nion that intellectual physiology neiif we know not the laws of vitality, we ther is or can be understood, because cannot determine in what manner it acts. eminent men alluded to by Mr. WainWe therefore think that all the wright, in this elaborate and well-written disquisition, have undertaken to define what is beyond their power, because beyond the association of ideas, and its palpable effects. We think that there are no intellectual actions definable, possibly because there are no other existent. We say existent, for it does not appear to us, that there is in mind a single uncombined idea, and if it does not so exist, it cannot have an independent being or origin. If so, the matters of dispute in this treatise turn upon the presumed existence of children which never had parents-spontaneous creations. |