The elements of Matter unknowable. Its action on Mind not obvious; nor that of Mind on Matter, other than its own Body. Matter is the slave of Mind. They are of different Spheres. Matter not eternal nor immortal. Four theories of their communication by Descartes and Leibnitz, Berkeley and Hume. Huxley. Numerous Animal anecdotes.

X. Laws and Forces of Nature.-Illustrations of mechanical Force or Energy; Heat and Motion; Gravitation and Inertia; Polar Magnetism; Ponderability; Latent and Potential Forces; the Ether and Air; Water and Coal; Conservation of Energy; Correlation of Forces; Design; Compensations; the Law of Counteractions. Oneness of the "Laws of Nature," Properties of Matter," and the "Evolution Theory" (limited). The Steam Engine defined; Tools. All material nature reducible into Dust. Every element of our System, gaseous, liquid and solid, being reduced to its ultimate form, is simply Dust. Out of Dust, therefore, (the element of the heaven and the earth) the Creator seems to have evolved not only the Dry Land, Air, and Sea, but every natural form, living plant, and animal. Dust itself indestructible by Man.

These latter considerations are such as constantly greet the inquirer, though they border on the Unknowable. The two Forces of Nature-Gravitation and Inertia-are those upon which the proper balance of our System is maintained. These, with Magnetism, Electricity, Galvanism, and Heat, not being themselves ponderable entities, but only properties, seem to exist only in and by material things. Of living creatures and plants, every species

is endowed with germs for the reproduction of its own kind, and of its own kind only. Uniformity v. Catastrophe. Potential energy. Planets.

XI. The Bases of Evidence.-Of these we may distinguish four kinds. The Senses, External Testimony, the Conceivable, Probable, and logically Possible, and fourth, Demonstrable and Geometrical Truths. Doubts even of the existence of Matter have arisen, and Doubts with respect to Universal truths may, and sometimes do arise, owing to imperfect knowledge; but such truths exist and must continue to exist, and cannot be compromised by the individual man. Truths are positive. Every proposition is either true or untrue. So far as regards Sacred Books-that is to say, the Hebrew Scriptures, the Vedas, and all the sacred writings and tablets of the East, whether Indian, Chinese, Buddhist, or Mahomedan-we have in this Argument treated them alike as simple histories, and as having only the same kind of authority as that of Herodotus. Their respective values are judged by their probable veracity, internal evidence, and especially their logical possibilities to the entire exclusion of all Creeds, orthodox or heterodox. The question of Possible or Impossible is a final Test.

Mere Assumptions not to be accepted. They, like many Analogies, frequently support some fallacy. If in this volume we make an assumption, it is done merely to show that one thing may be equally true or probable as its opposite. Evidences may exist of an independent kind, such as glimpses of prehistoric times derived from ancient tombs or papyrus. To

all alike there is one rule applicable. Whatever is supported by incidental evidence is to that extent probably true, and whatever is recorded even without any such evidence, if not impossible, may be true. A record which is logically impossible is certainly to be rejected as false, while one that is logically possible is not necessarily true.

XII. Freedom of Will is a special property of Man, of primary importance, and, as prompting action, it is superior to Motive. An original Creator rules supreme over all his works in Nature. If not possessed of absolute power to alter, abridge, or abrogate any of them, together with their Laws, he cannot be Supreme, but only Vice-Regal-merely a higher Xerxes. Man's Freedom of Will is the true key-note of all philosophic harmony. Kept steadily in view, this clears away many of the perplexities which meet the Seeker after Truth. The apparent contradiction between an omnipotent Creator, Man's Free-Will, and the existence of Evil, examined.

Wherever in an argument this freedom is contradicted by any assumption, a fallacy may be detected. This indicates the failure of such systems as those of Spinoza, Comte, and J. S. Mill. It is one of the best distinctions between Man and the Animals, no Animal whatever being really possessed of any Free Will, nor yet of Conscience. The existence of Conscience without Free Will is inconceivable. Man's Mind-Motives are under the control of the Will, but Animal (Instinct) Motives are without choice uniform and imperative. The two fundamental and leading theories in Truths' domain are, 1st, the

incommensurateness of Instinct and Mind, and 2nd, Man's Freedom of Will.

Such are the main subjects of the book, but many other matters are dealt with; some because of their importance, and all because more or less related to our discussions. We can here only enumerate some of them :

These are Astronomy; Formation of the Rocks; the Centre; Wonders of the Spectroscope; Primeval Man; Prehistoric Eras; Indications of Great Climatic Changes; Movement of the Plane of the Earth's Axis; Catastrophe and Floods in Nature; Coloured Races and Sex; Stalactite Caves; Ancient Myths. and Legends; Bricks, Cylinders, Tablets, Texts, Libraries, Papyri, Literature and Commerce; History of the most Ancient Nations-Accad, Chaldea, Egypt, Phoenicia, Egyptian Dynasties, Pyramids, Monuments and Tombs-their gigantic and monolithic character; Sun-worship; Solomon; Homer, and the Ancient Greek Philosophers and Poets; Aristotle; Epictetus; Theism, Polytheism, Pantheism, Materialism, Mechanism, Animism, Idol Worship, Monism, Buddhism, Hypnotism; Similarity of Buildings, Customs, and Legends of Peoples the most widely apart; Insular Tribes; Barbarism; the Eternal and the Infinite; Human Life; the Providential, the Superhuman, and the Miraculous; Reign of Law; "Husbandry in Heaven"; the Impassable Gulf; Animal Senses; Absence of Rest; Rudimentary Organs; Natural Selection; the Teeth Theory; Animals' Food; Absence of any Ape-Man Fossil; Philosophy and Philosophers; Social Theories; Population; Comte's

Positivism; "A Good Time Coming": Mill's Logic; Renan; Haeckel's illogical Embryology; Schmidt's Extreme Evolution; Recent Theories-Crooke's; L. Oliphant's; Macnab's Theory of Numbers; G. J. Romanes' Theory of Ideas; Dr. Reville on Genesis ; Samuel Laing's Creed; Many Anecdotes, Suppositions, and numerous other Illustrations throughout; Harmonies; General Review of the Philosophic Field; Our Aim, not to propose new Theories but to expose some illogical and modern Fallacies.

"All truths are of one source and must harmonize in their results."