able to draw his own conclusions from various illustrations in this volume.

II. Our second argument is that Instinct is not a thing of the same kind as Mind. It is not an entity, but merely a synonym of Animal Life, is indeed Animal Life itself, and therefore mortal, belonging only to the Natural sphere.

This being a point of the highest importance, and directly contradicting the popular fallacy that Instinct contains at least some germ of Mind, is treated as fully as our space permits. It has a distinct bearing upon the truth or fallacy, not of limited Evolution, but of the "extreme Evolution theory." It affords a direct answer to Dr. Darwin's famous proposition, upon the truth of which he staked his entire theory. Man possesses both Instinct and Mind, while mere Animals possess only the former, and are devoid of any ideas of Morals. A clear definition of Instinct as contrasted with Mind is a point of great importance. The latter seems capable of indefinite improvement, whilst the former is incapable of any beyond the fixed limits of Instinct intelligence.

III. Creation.-1. Of the Solar System. The several different theories are examined, namely, those of the Ancient Tablets and Vedas, the Atomic theory, Laplace's, the Vortex theory, Mr. Norman Lockyer's, Mr. Proctor's, and, lastly, that of Genesis. Objections to all of these stated. 2. Of Life. The Heat theory. The beginning of Life seems to be unknowable. 3. Of Mind and Language-which are always coexistent, and infer each other. Instinct is proved by our Test to be

incommensurate with Mind. Man is a special and separate creation. God is not only the Architect of the Universe, but also its source.

The idea of Spinoza considered. Matter not eternal, though of vast antiquity. Protoplasm, like Matter generally, shown to be incapable of creating Life. The mystery of physical Life. The wonderful revelations by the Spectroscope of the elements of planets, and of planetary and inter-planetary motions and velocities. Planets are stores of Gravitation.

IV. Evolution.-Dr. hesitation and candour.

Darwin's theory. His

Evolution in the Animal

world not impossible, but must be limited. Dr. Wallace and Variations in Species. Objections by Agassiz. Evolution from the lowest Animal Life up to the Ape as yet only a theory, but up to Man proved to be impossible. No trace or Fossil

of an Ape-Man yet discovered. The extreme

Evolutionists. Man reigns over the entire Animal Kingdom as his servants and slaves, subject only to the Laws of Nature.

The "Eternity of Matter" and "Extreme Evolution" shown to be self- contradictory theories. Evolution of Animal Life belongs to the Natural Sphere. Man possesses Mind the Universal Sphere; and these two are incommensurate. Haeckel's illogical Embryology theory. One great original Animal Type.

The brains of most ancient Mummies, as indicated by their skulls, show no inferiority to those of modern men. The Oneness of the human species distinctly manifest, and there is a remarkable differ

ence between the human brain and that of the animals. Man only can bargain and barter with his fellows. By his gestures and his eye he reveals his wishes, and governs the brute creation, thus to them, in a remarkable manner, largely supplying the place of Speech. He only walks erect, kindles fire, cultivates the earth, rears food, and makes clothes and tools.

The human head and hand

are specially unique. Owen and Huxley. Great variety of opinion.

V. Valuable arguments may be drawn from the science of Geometry. This is almost the only body of truth which commands universal acceptance; and hence our adoption of it to represent Universal truth generally. Pure Mental Geometry knows neither Space nor Time. Even Agnostics cannot object to it. If we can illustrate the Truth of our Test by any one universal truth, it must be logically applicable to all Universal truths. Arithmetic and Algebra. Universal truths. The Parabola.

It may be asked, "Why not employ any other Universal truth-Ethical truth, for instance - in the Argument?" The answer is, because experience has shown that endless discussions would result, and our aim at brevity would thus be entirely defeated. The extreme antiquity of this Science. We use it, simply as representative of Universal truths generally, and preferably so because it remains perfect without any exception.

VI. Immortality. The difficulty of demonstrating its truth is fully admitted: nevertheless it cannot be disproved. Its belief is traced in the history of all peoples, tribes, and nations, ancient

and modern, the savage and most enlightened alike.

Such evidence is largely furnished by the most ancient Tablets, underground tombs, and Ruins, and by the insulated Tribes discovered in modern times. Immortality assumed as a truth by the religions of all known eras. This disquisition leads us to a consideration of Sun-worship, of the religions of ancient Mexico and Peru, of the Veda-writings of India, and of those of Job and Moses.

VII. Civilization. There is no proof that Civilization has always been progressive-equally probable that it has been retrogressive. The original savage" theory remains a mere assumption. The argument from the savagism and cannibalism of insulated tribes and South Sea Islanders as discovered in modern times, shown to be misleading. The theory of Retrogression is supported. by the evidence of a primeval moral ideal or law, and by the very advanced knowledge of art, architecture, letters, and general learning in the earliest known nations.

The incidental glimpses we obtain of prehistoric times from the most ancient Ruins and otherwise, indicate a remarkably high refinement of architectural art, and its necessary accompanying culture, in Egypt and the East, as well as a widely extensive commerce. The less ancient ruins and writings, and especially the religion of the several nations, prove a gradual degradation from those previously existing, and indicate an original spiritual Theism, descending downwards, as we approach less ancient eras, to Materialism, Poly

theism, Animal worship, human sacrifices, and even Cannibalism. Ancient Chronologies contradictory, and all seem untrustworthy. Condition of Woman, and other Indices of Civilization.

VIII. The Human Mind is an Entity-absolutely distinct from and superior to the material world, the Forces of Nature, Instinct, and the entire Animal and Vegetable kingdoms, whilst it is subject to its own individual introspection. Instinct and Mind are incommensurate, and separated by a gulf impassable. The importance of Logic, belonging to the Universal sphere. The Mind is One, but may be considered under its separate faculties. Consciousness.

Mind being the only Judge, must, if correctly informed, pronounce true judgment. There is no appeal therefrom. Conscience is only a Monitor, though unbribeable. Illustrations drawn from the contrast between men and animals, and between Human Faculties and Animal Endowments. Intelligence is not Reason.

Mere

IX. Body and Mind.-The mode of their communication unknown. The Animal Brain the centre of action; the Frontal or Mental Brain, possessed only by Man, is the centre of Thought. The functions of different parts of the brain are traceable, and act through nerves proceeding from the corresponding brain and spine. The line of demarcation between Man's Instinct brain and his Mental brain. The paramount dignity and beauty of Man conspicuous. He only appreciates æsthetic beauty and musical harmonies. He only possesses Reason, Language, and Inventive Genius.